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Philosophy	Religion
Religion	Religious
Religious	Beliefs
Beliefs	Zen
Zen	Buddhism
Buddhism	Alternate
Alternate	titles
titles	Chan
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Sŏn	Seon
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Websites	The
The	Met
Met	Zen
Zen	Buddhism
Buddhism	Age
Age	of
of	the
the	Sage
Sage	Transmitting
Transmitting	the
the	Wisdoms
Wisdoms	of
of	the
the	Ages
Ages	Zen
Zen	Buddhism
Buddhism	Learn
Learn	Religions
Religions	Zen
Zen	A
A	Brief
Brief	Introduction
Introduction	to
to	Zen
Zen	Buddhism
Buddhism	Britannica
Britannica	Websites
Websites	Articles
Articles	from
from	Britannica
Britannica	Encyclopedias
Encyclopedias	for
for	elementary
elementary	and
and	high
high	school
school	students
students	Zen
Zen	Student
Student	Encyclopedia
Encyclopedia	Ages
Ages	and
and	up
up	By
By	William
William	M
M	Bodiford
Bodiford	View
View	Edit
Edit	History
History	Fast
Fast	Facts
Facts	Min
Min	Summary
Summary	Soto
Soto	BUTTON
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See	all
all	media
media	Areas
Areas	Of
Of	Involvement
Involvement	Buddhism
Buddhism	BUTTON
BUTTON	Show
Show	more
more	Related
Related	People
People	Nishida
Nishida	Kitarō
Kitarō	Sesshū
Sesshū	Bodhidharma
Bodhidharma	Hakuin
Hakuin	Bunsei
Bunsei	BUTTON
BUTTON	Show
Show	more
more	See
See	all
all	related
related	content
content	Zen
Zen	Chinese
Chinese	Chan
Chan	Korean
Korean	Sŏn
Sŏn	also
also	spelled
spelled	Seon
Seon	Vietnamese
Vietnamese	Thien
Thien	important
important	school
school	of
of	East
East	Asian
Asian	Buddhism
Buddhism	that
that	constitutes
constitutes	the
the	mainstream
mainstream	monastic
monastic	form
form	of
of	Mahayana
Mahayana	Buddhism
Buddhism	in
in	China
China	Korea
Korea	and
and	Vietnam
Vietnam	and
and	accounts
accounts	for
for	approximately
approximately	percent
percent	of
of	the
the	Buddhist
Buddhist	temples
temples	in
in	Japan
Japan	The
The	word
word	derives
derives	from
from	the
the	Sanskrit
Sanskrit	dhyana
dhyana	meaning
meaning	meditation
meditation	Central
Central	to
to	Zen
Zen	teaching
teaching	is
is	the
the	belief
belief	that
that	awakening
awakening	can
can	be
be	achieved
achieved	by
by	anyone
anyone	but
but	requires
requires	instruction
instruction	in
in	the
the	proper
proper	forms
forms	of
of	spiritual
spiritual	cultivation
cultivation	by
by	a
a	master
master	In
In	modern
modern	times
times	Zen
Zen	has
has	been
been	identified
identified	especially
especially	with
with	the
the	secular
secular	arts
arts	of
of	medieval
medieval	Japan
Japan	such
such	as
as	the
the	tea
tea	ceremony
ceremony	ink
ink	painting
painting	and
and	gardening
gardening	and
and	with
with	any
any	spontaneous
spontaneous	expression
expression	of
of	artistic
artistic	or
or	spiritual
spiritual	vitality
vitality	regardless
regardless	of
of	context
context	In
In	popular
popular	usage
usage	the
the	modern
modern	non
non	Buddhist
Buddhist	connotations
connotations	of
of	the
the	word
word	Zen
Zen	have
have	become
become	so
so	prominent
prominent	that
that	in
in	many
many	cases
cases	the
the	term
term	is
is	used
used	as
as	a
a	label
label	for
for	phenomena
phenomena	that
that	lack
lack	any
any	relationship
relationship	to
to	Zen
Zen	or
or	are
are	even
even	antithetical
antithetical	to
to	its
its	teachings
teachings	and
and	practices
practices	Origins
Origins	and
and	nature
nature	Compiled
Compiled	by
by	the
the	Chinese
Chinese	Buddhist
Buddhist	monk
monk	Daoyun
Daoyun	in
in	Records
Records	of
of	the
the	Transmission
Transmission	of
of	the
the	Lamp
Lamp	Chingde
Chingde	chongdeng
chongdeng	lu
lu	offers
offers	an
an	authoritative
authoritative	introduction
introduction	to
to	the
the	origins
origins	and
and	nature
nature	of
of	Zen
Zen	Buddhism
Buddhism	The
The	work
work	describes
describes	the
the	Zen
Zen	school
school	as
as	consisting
consisting	of
of	the
the	authentic
authentic	Buddhism
Buddhism	practiced
practiced	by
by	monks
monks	and
and	nuns
nuns	who
who	belong
belong	to
to	a
a	large
large	religious
religious	family
family	with
with	five
five	main
main	branches
branches	each
each	branch
branch	of
of	which
which	demonstrates
demonstrates	its
its	legitimacy
legitimacy	by
by	performing
performing	Confucian
Confucian	style
style	ancestor
ancestor	rites
rites	for
for	its
its	spiritual
spiritual	ancestors
ancestors	or
or	patriarchs
patriarchs	The
The	genealogical
genealogical	tree
tree	of
of	this
this	spiritual
spiritual	lineage
lineage	begins
begins	with
with	the
the	seven
seven	buddhas
buddhas	consisting
consisting	of
of	six
six	mythological
mythological	Buddhas
Buddhas	of
of	previous
previous	eons
eons	as
as	well
well	as
as	Siddhartha
Siddhartha	Gautama
Gautama	or
or	Shakyamuni
Shakyamuni	the
the	historical
historical	Buddha
Buddha	of
of	the
the	current
current	age
age	The
The	spiritual
spiritual	awakening
awakening	and
and	wisdom
wisdom	realized
realized	by
by	these
these	buddhas
buddhas	then
then	was
was	transmitted
transmitted	from
from	master
master	to
to	disciple
disciple	across
across	generations
generations	of
of	semi
semi	historical
historical	or
or	mythological
mythological	Buddhist
Buddhist	teachers
teachers	in
in	India
India	concluding
concluding	with
with	Bodhidharma
Bodhidharma	the
the	monk
monk	who
who	supposedly
supposedly	introduced
introduced	true
true	Buddhism
Buddhism	to
to	China
China	in
in	the
the	th
th	century
century	This
This	true
true	Buddhism
Buddhism	held
held	that
that	its
its	practitioners
practitioners	could
could	achieve
achieve	a
a	sudden
sudden	awakening
awakening	to
to	spiritual
spiritual	truth
truth	which
which	they
they	could
could	not
not	accomplish
accomplish	by
by	a
a	mere
mere	reading
reading	of
of	Buddhist
Buddhist	scriptures
scriptures	As
As	Bodhidharma
Bodhidharma	asserted
asserted	in
in	a
a	verse
verse	attributed
attributed	to
to	him
him	A
A	special
special	transmission
transmission	outside
outside	the
the	scriptures
scriptures	not
not	relying
relying	on
on	words
words	or
or	letters
letters	pointing
pointing	directly
directly	to
to	the
the	human
human	mind
mind	seeing
seeing	true
true	nature
nature	is
is	becoming
becoming	a
a	Buddha
Buddha	From
From	the
the	time
time	of
of	Bodhidharma
Bodhidharma	to
to	the
the	present
present	each
each	generation
generation	of
of	the
the	Zen
Zen	lineage
lineage	claimed
claimed	to
to	have
have	attained
attained	the
the	same
same	spiritual
spiritual	awakening
awakening	as
as	its
its	predecessors
predecessors	thereby
thereby	preserving
preserving	the
the	Buddha
Buddha	s
s	lamp
lamp	of
of	wisdom
wisdom	This
This	genealogical
genealogical	ethos
ethos	confers
confers	religious
religious	authority
authority	on
on	present
present	day
day	Zen
Zen	teachers
teachers	as
as	the
the	legitimate
legitimate	heirs
heirs	and
and	living
living	representatives
representatives	of
of	all
all	previous
previous	Buddhas
Buddhas	and
and	patriarchs
patriarchs	It
It	also
also	provides
provides	the
the	context
context	of
of	belief
belief	for
for	various
various	Zen
Zen	rituals
rituals	such
such	as
as	funeral
funeral	services
services	performed
performed	by
by	Zen
Zen	priests
priests	and
and	ancestral
ancestral	memorial
memorial	rites
rites	for
for	the
the	families
families	of
of	laypeople
laypeople	who
who	patronize
patronize	the
the	temples
temples	The
The	Zen
Zen	ethos
ethos	that
that	people
people	in
in	each
each	new
new	generation
generation	can
can	and
and	must
must	attain
attain	spiritual
spiritual	awakening
awakening	does
does	not
not	imply
imply	any
any	rejection
rejection	of
of	the
the	usual
usual	forms
forms	of
of	Buddhist
Buddhist	spiritual
spiritual	cultivation
cultivation	such
such	as
as	the
the	study
study	of
of	scriptures
scriptures	the
the	performance
performance	of
of	good
good	deeds
deeds	and
and	the
the	practice
practice	of
of	rites
rites	and
and	ceremonies
ceremonies	image
image	worship
worship	and
and	ritualized
ritualized	forms
forms	of
of	meditation
meditation	Zen
Zen	teachers
teachers	typically
typically	assert
assert	rather
rather	that
that	all
all	of
of	these
these	practices
practices	must
must	be
be	performed
performed	correctly
correctly	as
as	authentic
authentic	expressions
expressions	of
of	awakening
awakening	as
as	exemplified
exemplified	by
by	previous
previous	generations
generations	of
of	Zen
Zen	teachers
teachers	For
For	this
this	reason
reason	the
the	Records
Records	of
of	the
the	Transmission
Transmission	of
of	the
the	Lamp
Lamp	attributes
attributes	the
the	development
development	of
of	the
the	standard
standard	format
format	and
and	liturgy
liturgy	of
of	the
the	Chinese
Chinese	Buddhist
Buddhist	monastic
monastic	institution
institution	to
to	early
early	Zen
Zen	patriarchs
patriarchs	even
even	though
though	there
there	is
is	no
no	historical
historical	evidence
evidence	to
to	support
support	this
this	claim
claim	Beginning
Beginning	at
at	the
the	time
time	of
of	the
the	Song
Song	dynasty
dynasty	Chinese
Chinese	monks
monks	composed
composed	strict
strict	regulations
regulations	to
to	govern
govern	behaviour
behaviour	at
at	all
all	publicly
publicly	recognized
recognized	Buddhist
Buddhist	monasteries
monasteries	Known
Known	as
as	rules
rules	of
of	purity
purity	Chinese
Chinese	qinggui
qinggui	Japanese
Japanese	shingi
shingi	these
these	rules
rules	were
were	frequently
frequently	seen
seen	as
as	unique
unique	expressions
expressions	of
of	Chinese
Chinese	Zen
Zen	In
In	fact
fact	however
however	the
the	monks
monks	largely
largely	codified
codified	traditional
traditional	Buddhist
Buddhist	priestly
priestly	norms
norms	of
of	behaviour
behaviour	and
and	at
at	least
least	in
in	China
China	the
the	rules
rules	were
were	applied
applied	to
to	residents
residents	of
of	all
all	authorized
authorized	monasteries
monasteries	whether
whether	affiliated
affiliated	with
with	the
the	Zen
Zen	school
school	or
or	not
not	Zen
Zen	monks
monks	and
and	nuns
nuns	typically
typically	study
study	Buddhist
Buddhist	scriptures
scriptures	Chinese
Chinese	classics
classics	poetics
poetics	and
and	Zen
Zen	literature
literature	Special
Special	emphasis
emphasis	traditionally
traditionally	has
has	been
been	placed
placed	on
on	the
the	study
study	of
of	public
public	cases
cases	Chinese
Chinese	gongan
gongan	Japanese
Japanese	kōan
kōan	or
or	accounts
accounts	of
of	episodes
episodes	in
in	which
which	Zen
Zen	patriarchs
patriarchs	reportedly
reportedly	attained
attained	awakening
awakening	or
or	expressed
expressed	their
their	awakening
awakening	in
in	novel
novel	and
and	iconoclastic
iconoclastic	ways
ways	using
using	enigmatic
enigmatic	language
language	or
or	gestures
gestures	Included
Included	in
in	the
the	Records
Records	of
of	the
the	Transmission
Transmission	of
of	the
the	Lamp
Lamp	and
and	in
in	other
other	hagiographic
hagiographic	compendia
compendia	the
the	public
public	cases
cases	are
are	likened
likened	to
to	legal
legal	precedents
precedents	that
that	are
are	designed
designed	to
to	guide
guide	the
the	followers
followers	of
of	Zen
Zen	Historical
Historical	development
development	China
China	Although
Although	Zen
Zen	Buddhism
Buddhism	in
in	China
China	is
is	traditionally
traditionally	dated
dated	to
to	the
the	th
th	century
century	it
it	actually
actually	first
first	came
came	to
to	prominence
prominence	in
in	the
the	early
early	th
th	century
century	when
when	Wuhou
Wuhou	who
who	seized
seized	power
power	from
from	the
the	ruling
ruling	Tang
Tang	dynasty
dynasty	to
to	become
become	empress
empress	of
of	the
the	short
short	lived
lived	Zhou
Zhou	dynasty
dynasty	patronized
patronized	Zen
Zen	teachers
teachers	as
as	her
her	court
court	priests
priests	After
After	Empress
Empress	Wuhou
Wuhou	died
died	and
and	the
the	Tang
Tang	dynasty
dynasty	was
was	restored
restored	to
to	power
power	rival
rival	sects
sects	of
of	Zen
Zen	appeared
appeared	whose
whose	members
members	claimed
claimed	to
to	be
be	more
more	legitimate
legitimate	and
and	more
more	orthodox
orthodox	than
than	the
the	Zen
Zen	teachers
teachers	who
who	had
had	been
been	associated
associated	with
with	the
the	discredited
discredited	empress
empress	These
These	sectarian
sectarian	rivalries
rivalries	continued
continued	until
until	the
the	Song
Song	dynasty
dynasty	when
when	a
a	more
more	inclusive
inclusive	form
form	of
of	Zen
Zen	became
became	associated
associated	with
with	almost
almost	all
all	of
of	the
the	official
official	state
state	sponsored
sponsored	Buddhist
Buddhist	monasteries
monasteries	As
As	the
the	official
official	form
form	of
of	Chinese
Chinese	Buddhism
Buddhism	the
the	Song
Song	dynasty
dynasty	version
version	of
of	Zen
Zen	subsequently
subsequently	spread
spread	to
to	Korea
Korea	Japan
Japan	and
and	Vietnam
Vietnam	Wuhou
Wuhou	BUTTON
BUTTON	Wuhou
Wuhou	Wuhou
Wuhou	The
The	British
British	Library
Library	Robana
Robana	Picture
Picture	Library
Library	age
age	fotostock
fotostock	During
During	the
the	reign
reign	of
of	the
the	Song
Song	Zen
Zen	mythology
mythology	Zen
Zen	literature
literature	and
and	Zen
Zen	forms
forms	of
of	Buddhist
Buddhist	spiritual
spiritual	cultivation
cultivation	underwent
underwent	important
important	growth
growth	Since
Since	that
that	time
time	Zen
Zen	teachings
teachings	have
have	skillfully
skillfully	combined
combined	the
the	seemingly
seemingly	opposing
opposing	elements
elements	of
of	mythology
mythology	and
and	history
history	iconoclasm
iconoclasm	and
and	pious
pious	worship
worship	freedom
freedom	and
and	strict
strict	monastic
monastic	discipline
discipline	and
and	sudden
sudden	awakening
awakening	Sanskrit
Sanskrit	bodhi
bodhi	Chinese
Chinese	wu
wu	Japanese
Japanese	satori
satori	and
and	long
long	master
master	disciple
disciple	apprenticeships
apprenticeships	During
During	the
the	Song
Song	dynasty
dynasty	the
the	study
study	of
of	public
public	cases
cases	became
became	very
very	sophisticated
sophisticated	as
as	Zen
Zen	monks
monks	arranged
arranged	them
them	into
into	various
various	categories
categories	wrote
wrote	verse
verse	commentaries
commentaries	on
on	them
them	and
and	advocated
advocated	new
new	techniques
techniques	for
for	meditating
meditating	on
on	their
their	key
key	words
words	Commentaries
Commentaries	such
such	as
as	The
The	Blue
Blue	Cliff
Cliff	Record
Record	c
c	Chinese
Chinese	Biyan
Biyan	lu
lu	Japanese
Japanese	Heikigan
Heikigan	roku
roku	and
and	The
The	Gateless
Gateless	Barrier
Barrier	Chinese
Chinese	Wumen
Wumen	guan
guan	Japanese
Japanese	Mumon
Mumon	kan
kan	remain
remain	basic
basic	textbooks
textbooks	for
for	Zen
Zen	students
students	to
to	the
the	present
present	day
day	The
The	public
public	case
case	literature
literature	validates
validates	the
the	sense
sense	of
of	liberation
liberation	and
and	freedom
freedom	felt
felt	by
by	those
those	experiencing
experiencing	spiritual
spiritual	awakening
awakening	while
while	at
at	the
the	same
same	time
time	placing
placing	the
the	expression
expression	of
of	those
those	impulses
impulses	under
under	the
the	supervision
supervision	of
of	well
well	disciplined
disciplined	senior
senior	monks
monks	For
For	this
this	reason
reason	Zen
Zen	texts
texts	frequently
frequently	assert
assert	that
that	genuine
genuine	awakening
awakening	cannot
cannot	be
be	acquired
acquired	through
through	individual
individual	study
study	alone
alone	but
but	must
must	be
be	realized
realized	through
through	the
the	guidance
guidance	of
of	an
an	authentic
authentic	Zen
Zen	teacher
teacher	Japan
Japan	During
During	Japan
Japan	s
s	medieval
medieval	period
period	roughly
roughly	the
the	th
th	through
through	th
th	centuries
centuries	Zen
Zen	monks
monks	played
played	a
a	major
major	role
role	in
in	introducing
introducing	the
the	arts
arts	and
and	literature
literature	of
of	Song
Song	dynasty
dynasty	China
China	to
to	Japanese
Japanese	leaders
leaders	The
The	Five
Five	Mountain
Mountain	Japanese
Japanese	Gozan
Gozan	Zen
Zen	temples
temples	which
which	were
were	sponsored
sponsored	by
by	the
the	Japanese
Japanese	imperial
imperial	family
family	and
and	military
military	rulers
rulers	housed
housed	many
many	monks
monks	who
who	had
had	visited
visited	China
China	and
and	had
had	mastered
mastered	the
the	latest
latest	trends
trends	of
of	Chinese
Chinese	learning
learning	Monks
Monks	from
from	these
these	temples
temples	were
were	selected
selected	to
to	lead
lead	trade
trade	missions
missions	to
to	China
China	to
to	administer
administer	governmental
governmental	estates
estates	and
and	to
to	teach
teach	neo
neo	Confucianism
Confucianism	a
a	form
form	of
of	Confucianism
Confucianism	developed
developed	under
under	the
the	Song
Song	dynasty
dynasty	that
that	combined
combined	cultivation
cultivation	of
of	the
the	self
self	with
with	concerns
concerns	for
for	social
social	ethics
ethics	and
and	metaphysics
metaphysics	In
In	this
this	way
way	wealthy
wealthy	Zen
Zen	monasteries
monasteries	especially
especially	those
those	located
located	in
in	the
the	Japanese
Japanese	capital
capital	city
city	of
of	Kyōto
Kyōto	became
became	centres
centres	for
for	the
the	importation
importation	and
and	dissemination
dissemination	of
of	Chinese
Chinese	techniques
techniques	of
of	printing
printing	painting
painting	calligraphy
calligraphy	poetics
poetics	ceramics
ceramics	and
and	garden
garden	design
design	the
the	so
so	called
called	Zen
Zen	arts
arts	or
or	in
in	China
China	Song
Song	dynasty
dynasty	arts
arts	Apart
Apart	from
from	the
the	elite
elite	Five
Five	Mountain
Mountain	institutions
institutions	Japanese
Japanese	Zen
Zen	monks
monks	and
and	nuns
nuns	founded
founded	many
many	monasteries
monasteries	and
and	temples
temples	in
in	the
the	rural
rural	countryside
countryside	Unlike
Unlike	their
their	urban
urban	counterparts
counterparts	monks
monks	and
and	nuns
nuns	in
in	rural
rural	Zen
Zen	monasteries
monasteries	devoted
devoted	more
more	energy
energy	to
to	religious
religious	matters
matters	than
than	to
to	Chinese
Chinese	arts
arts	and
and	learning
learning	Their
Their	daily
daily	lives
lives	focused
focused	on
on	worship
worship	ceremonies
ceremonies	ritual
ritual	periods
periods	of
of	sitting
sitting	Zen
Zen	Japanese
Japanese	zazen
zazen	meditation
meditation	the
the	study
study	of
of	public
public	cases
cases	and
and	the
the	performance
performance	of
of	religious
religious	services
services	for
for	lower
lower	status
status	merchants
merchants	warriors
warriors	and
and	peasants
peasants	Rural
Rural	Zen
Zen	monks
monks	helped
helped	to
to	popularize
popularize	many
many	Buddhist
Buddhist	rituals
rituals	now
now	common
common	in
in	Japan
Japan	such
such	as
as	prayer
prayer	rites
rites	for
for	worldly
worldly	benefits
benefits	conferment
conferment	of
of	precept
precept	lineages
lineages	on
on	lay
lay	people
people	funerals
funerals	ancestral
ancestral	memorials
memorials	and
and	exorcisms
exorcisms	After
After	the
the	political
political	upheavals
upheavals	of
of	the
the	th
th	and
and	th
th	centuries
centuries	when
when	much
much	of
of	the
the	city
city	of
of	Kyōto
Kyōto	was
was	destroyed
destroyed	in
in	a
a	widespread
widespread	civil
civil	war
war	monks
monks	from
from	rural
rural	Zen
Zen	lineages
lineages	came
came	to
to	dominate
dominate	all
all	Zen
Zen	institutions
institutions	in
in	Japan
Japan	including
including	the
the	urban
urban	ones
ones	that
that	formerly
formerly	enjoyed
enjoyed	Five
Five	Mountain
Mountain	status
status	After
After	the
the	Tokugawa
Tokugawa	rulers
rulers	of
of	the
the	Edo
Edo	period
period	restored
restored	peace
peace	Zen
Zen	monasteries
monasteries	and
and	all
all	other
other	religious
religious	institutions
institutions	in
in	Japan
Japan	cooperated
cooperated	in
in	the
the	government
government	s
s	efforts
efforts	to
to	regulate
regulate	society
society	In
In	this
this	new
new	political
political	environment
environment	Zen
Zen	monks
monks	and
and	other
other	religious
religious	leaders
leaders	taught
taught	a
a	form
form	of
of	conventional
conventional	morality
morality	Japanese
Japanese	tsūzoku
tsūzoku	dōtoku
dōtoku	that
that	owed
owed	more
more	to
to	Confucian
Confucian	than
than	to
to	Buddhist
Buddhist	traditions
traditions	indeed
indeed	Buddhist
Buddhist	teachings
teachings	were
were	used
used	to
to	justify
justify	the
the	strict
strict	social
social	hierarchy
hierarchy	enforced
enforced	by
by	the
the	government
government	Many
Many	Confucian
Confucian	teachers
teachers	in
in	turn
turn	adapted
adapted	Zen
Zen	Buddhist
Buddhist	meditation
meditation	techniques
techniques	to
to	quiet
quiet	sitting
sitting	Japanese
Japanese	seiza
seiza	a
a	Confucian
Confucian	contemplative
contemplative	practice
practice	As
As	a
a	result
result	of
of	these
these	developments
developments	the
the	social
social	and
and	religious
religious	distinctions
distinctions	between
between	Zen
Zen	practice
practice	and
and	Confucianism
Confucianism	became
became	blurred
blurred	When
When	the
the	Ming
Ming	dynasty
dynasty	in
in	China
China	began
began	to
to	collapse
collapse	many
many	Chinese
Chinese	Zen
Zen	monks
monks	sought
sought	refuge
refuge	in
in	Japan
Japan	Their
Their	arrival
arrival	caused
caused	Japanese
Japanese	Zen
Zen	monks
monks	to
to	question
question	whether
whether	their
their	Japanese
Japanese	teachers
teachers	or
or	the
the	new
new	Chinese
Chinese	arrivals
arrivals	had
had	more
more	faithfully
faithfully	maintained
maintained	the
the	traditions
traditions	of
of	the
the	ancient
ancient	buddhas
buddhas	and
and	patriarchs
patriarchs	The
The	resultant
resultant	search
search	for
for	authentic
authentic	Zen
Zen	roots
roots	prompted
prompted	the
the	development
development	of
of	sectarianism
sectarianism	not
not	just
just	between
between	Japanese
Japanese	and
and	Chinese
Chinese	Zen
Zen	leaders
leaders	but
but	also
also	within
within	the
the	existing
existing	Japanese
Japanese	Zen
Zen	community
community	Eventually
Eventually	sectarian
sectarian	rivalry
rivalry	led
led	to
to	the
the	emergence
emergence	of
of	three
three	separate
separate	Japanese
Japanese	Zen
Zen	lineages
lineages	Ōbaku
Ōbaku	Chinese
Chinese	Huanbo
Huanbo	Rinzai
Rinzai	Chinese
Chinese	Linji
Linji	and
and	Sōtō
Sōtō	Chinese
Chinese	Caodong
Caodong	Ignoring
Ignoring	their
their	similarities
similarities	each
each	lineage
lineage	exaggerated
exaggerated	its
its	distinctive
distinctive	features
features	Thus
Thus	both
both	Rinzai
Rinzai	and
and	Sōtō
Sōtō	emphasized
emphasized	their
their	adherence
adherence	to
to	certain
certain	Song
Song	dynasty
dynasty	practices
practices	in
in	contrast
contrast	to
to	the
the	Ōbaku
Ōbaku	monasteries
monasteries	which
which	favoured
favoured	Ming
Ming	traditions
traditions	especially
especially	in
in	such
such	areas
areas	as
as	ritual
ritual	language
language	musical
musical	instruments
instruments	clothing
clothing	and
and	temple
temple	architecture
architecture	People
People	affiliated
affiliated	with
with	Sōtō
Sōtō	by
by	far
far	the
the	largest
largest	of
of	the
the	Japanese
Japanese	Zen
Zen	lineages
lineages	stressed
stressed	the
the	accomplishments
accomplishments	of
of	their
their	patriarch
patriarch	Dōgen
Dōgen	whose
whose	chief
chief	work
work	Shōbōgenzō
Shōbōgenzō	Treasury
Treasury	of
of	the
the	True
True	Dharma
Dharma	Eye
Eye	is
is	widely
widely	regarded
regarded	as
as	one
one	of
of	the
the	great
great	classics
classics	of
of	Japanese
Japanese	Buddhism
Buddhism	Rinzai
Rinzai	BUTTON
BUTTON	Rinzai
Rinzai	Myōshin
Myōshin	a
a	chief
chief	temple
temple	of
of	the
the	Rinzai
Rinzai	sect
sect	of
of	Zen
Zen	Buddhism
Buddhism	in
in	Kyōto
Kyōto	Japan
Japan	Frank
Frank	Gualtieri
Gualtieri	BUTTON
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