Fichier de travail (INPUT) : ./DUMP-TEXT/utf8_1-3.txt
Encodage utilisé (INPUT) : UTF-8
Forme recherchée : \bimpact|influence|(网红)?效应|影响(力)?\b
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- Ligne n°41 : Social Media Influencers and the 2020 U.S. Election: Paying ‘Regular People’
Ligne n°42 : for Digital Campaign Communication ...- Ligne n°75 : Coordinated networks of social media influencers, especially
Ligne n°76 : small-scale influencers with fewer than 10,000 followers, are now a ...
Ligne n°75 : ... Coordinated networks of social media influencers, especially- Ligne n°76 : small-scale influencers with fewer than 10,000 followers, are now a
Ligne n°77 : powerful asset for political campaigns, PACs, and special interest ...
Ligne n°80 : ... run up to the 2020 U.S. elections. Political marketers tell us that- Ligne n°81 : they see influencers, particularly those with more intimate followings,
Ligne n°82 : as regarded as more trustworthy by their followers and therefore better ...
Ligne n°83 : ... positioned to change their behavior. Groups on both sides of the aisle- Ligne n°84 : are paying influencers to promote their causes. Many influencers don’t
- Ligne n°84 : are paying influencers to promote their causes. Many influencers don’t
Ligne n°85 : reveal they’ve been paid, and payments often take place off social ...
Ligne n°87 : ... information operations—elite-dictated propaganda through trusted social- Ligne n°88 : media spokespersons. What is more, top-down propaganda from influencers
Ligne n°89 : are better able to evade detection systems built to detect political ...
Ligne n°90 : ... bots and sockpuppets and to defy regulators concerned with digital free- Ligne n°91 : speech—all while using influencers’ captive audiences to more
Ligne n°92 : effectively prey upon fraught emotions during a highly contentious ...
Ligne n°92 : ... effectively prey upon fraught emotions during a highly contentious- Ligne n°93 : election. Such influencers, far from being “volunteer digital door
Ligne n°94 : knockers,” are paid, highly organized surrogates of political campaigns ...- Ligne n°100 : AN INFLUENCER “AWAKENING”
Ligne n°130 : ... I actually have a responsibility to speak up,” reflecting the- Ligne n°131 : sentiments of a growing number of lifestyle influencers who post
Ligne n°132 : political content on Instagram. Several users commented on the post ...- Ligne n°135 : Sarah’s story illustrates how social media “influencers” can legitimize
Ligne n°136 : and spread harmful ideas, as well as the way the incentive structures ...
Ligne n°137 : ... have changed for those who post this type of content. Previously,- Ligne n°138 : lifestyle influencers shied away from sharing controversial content due
Ligne n°139 : to fears of alienating their audiences and risking brand ...
Ligne n°140 : ... partnerships.^4 But events of 2020 have catalyzed changes in both- Ligne n°141 : audience expectations and the way influencers view their responsibility
Ligne n°142 : to speak about social issues.^5 Now, influencers are being paid by ...
Ligne n°141 : ... audience expectations and the way influencers view their responsibility- Ligne n°142 : to speak about social issues.^5 Now, influencers are being paid by
Ligne n°143 : campaigns and political consultants to spread partisan content. ...
Ligne n°149 : ... partisan rage.^6 But our research suggests it is shaping up to be the- Ligne n°150 : year of the political influencer: individuals who have built their
Ligne n°151 : social media profiles into brands, often with the goal of cultivating ...
Ligne n°151 : ... social media profiles into brands, often with the goal of cultivating- Ligne n°152 : followers in order to monetize their influence or gain prestige, and
Ligne n°153 : who are now using their platforms to discuss politics. Not only are ...
Ligne n°155 : ... due to COVID-19,^7 but voters are also immersed in this realm of- Ligne n°156 : influencers. According to our research, influencer content has become
- Ligne n°156 : influencers. According to our research, influencer content has become
Ligne n°157 : politicized—ignited by resistance to COVID-19 precautions, QAnon ...
Ligne n°159 : ... Floyd. Furthermore, economic instability and job loss have led to an- Ligne n°160 : increase in the number of people seeking to become influencers and an
Ligne n°161 : increase in effort spent monetizing influence, especially among ...
Ligne n°160 : ... increase in the number of people seeking to become influencers and an- Ligne n°161 : increase in effort spent monetizing influence, especially among
Ligne n°162 : small-scale, or “nano,” influencers.^8 The value of social media ...
Ligne n°161 : ... increase in effort spent monetizing influence, especially among- Ligne n°162 : small-scale, or “nano,” influencers.^8 The value of social media
Ligne n°163 : influencers has not gone unnoticed by those seeking to shape political ...
Ligne n°162 : ... small-scale, or “nano,” influencers.^8 The value of social media- Ligne n°163 : influencers has not gone unnoticed by those seeking to shape political
Ligne n°164 : discourse and sway voters. In the words of one prominent Democratic ...- Ligne n°167 : Top-down political mobilization of networks of influencers,
Ligne n°168 : particularly small-scale nano-influencers with less than 10,000 ...
Ligne n°167 : ... Top-down political mobilization of networks of influencers,- Ligne n°168 : particularly small-scale nano-influencers with less than 10,000
Ligne n°169 : followers, by campaigns and political groups is a concerning trend. The ...
Ligne n°169 : ... followers, by campaigns and political groups is a concerning trend. The- Ligne n°170 : currency of social media influencers, especially those with smaller
Ligne n°171 : audiences, is authenticity.^9 Authenticity enables the forging of ...
Ligne n°173 : ... trust, loyalty, and internalization of messaging.^10 When politicians- Ligne n°174 : are publicly endorsed by influencers and celebrities, they can benefit
Ligne n°175 : from increased visibility, but the central goal is often to transfer ...
Ligne n°175 : ... from increased visibility, but the central goal is often to transfer- Ligne n°176 : the trust followers feel towards the influencer to a candidate or
Ligne n°177 : cause.^11 Sometimes endorsements can backfire if they appear contrived, ...
Ligne n°179 : ... “liberal Hollywood.” On the other hand, networks of- Ligne n°180 : influencers—especially nano-influencers who are more likely to evoke
- Ligne n°180 : influencers—especially nano-influencers who are more likely to evoke
Ligne n°181 : trust—speaking about political issues and interweaving personal ...
Ligne n°182 : ... anecdotes are hypothesized to shift norms and sway political discourse,- Ligne n°183 : conceivably in favor of a specific candidate. Unfortunately, influencer
Ligne n°184 : disclosure of payment is poorly enforced, especially if the payment ...
Ligne n°187 : ... committees (PACs) can also use untraceable “dark money” to fund- Ligne n°188 : networks of influencers,^12 and it is possible that foreign actors
Ligne n°189 : could do so as well. Grassroots organizing can be mimicked, ...
Ligne n°189 : ... could do so as well. Grassroots organizing can be mimicked,- Ligne n°190 : particularly if small-scale influencers are contacted individually and
Ligne n°191 : are unaware that they are being coordinated. The challenge of detecting ...
Ligne n°193 : ... further complicates the issue. While some may regard the coordination- Ligne n°194 : of influencers as “virtual door-knocking,” if there is no disclosure of
Ligne n°195 : top-down coordination, it seems closer to manipulation than to ...
Ligne n°200 : ... Since March of 2020, the Center for Media Engagement has been studying- Ligne n°201 : the role of influencers in the lead-up to the 2020 U.S. elections. We
Ligne n°202 : have conducted 14 in-depth interviews with well-placed experts, ranging ...
Ligne n°202 : ... have conducted 14 in-depth interviews with well-placed experts, ranging- Ligne n°203 : from political strategists who harness influencers for their own
Ligne n°204 : partisan means to executives of so-called “influencer platforms” to ...
Ligne n°203 : ... from political strategists who harness influencers for their own- Ligne n°204 : partisan means to executives of so-called “influencer platforms” to
Ligne n°205 : governmental regulators and, finally, to the political influencers ...
Ligne n°204 : ... partisan means to executives of so-called “influencer platforms” to- Ligne n°205 : governmental regulators and, finally, to the political influencers
Ligne n°206 : themselves. We have also conducted an observational study of influencer ...
Ligne n°205 : ... governmental regulators and, finally, to the political influencers- Ligne n°206 : themselves. We have also conducted an observational study of influencer
Ligne n°207 : “engagement pods:” groups of people who coordinate to increase ...
Ligne n°211 : ... interviews, our work has focused primarily on Instagram, with- Ligne n°212 : additional insights from political influencers on TikTok.
Ligne n°214 : ... Our findings are described in the following three sections: (1) The- Ligne n°215 : current political-influencer landscape, in which we explore the
Ligne n°216 : relational power of leveraging small-scale influencers, partisan ...
Ligne n°215 : ... current political-influencer landscape, in which we explore the- Ligne n°216 : relational power of leveraging small-scale influencers, partisan
Ligne n°217 : differences in adoption of influencers, and the logistics of ...
Ligne n°216 : ... relational power of leveraging small-scale influencers, partisan- Ligne n°217 : differences in adoption of influencers, and the logistics of
Ligne n°218 : coordinating a political influencer campaign; (2) How norms surrounding ...
Ligne n°217 : ... differences in adoption of influencers, and the logistics of- Ligne n°218 : coordinating a political influencer campaign; (2) How norms surrounding
Ligne n°219 : influencer discourse have shifted on the platforms in question, ignited ...
Ligne n°218 : ... coordinating a political influencer campaign; (2) How norms surrounding- Ligne n°219 : influencer discourse have shifted on the platforms in question, ignited
Ligne n°220 : by notable events in 2020 and motivated by influencers’ personal ...
Ligne n°219 : ... influencer discourse have shifted on the platforms in question, ignited- Ligne n°220 : by notable events in 2020 and motivated by influencers’ personal
Ligne n°221 : activism, audience expectations, and increased engagement following ...
Ligne n°224 : ... investigation of pods and political Hype Houses on TikTok. The report- Ligne n°225 : concludes with a discussion of the ethics of coordinating influencers
Ligne n°226 : and cursory policy recommendations. ...- Ligne n°230 : The Current Political-Influencer Landscape
Ligne n°238 : ... as is the case with Team Trump Online!, and Biden often incorporating- Ligne n°239 : celebrity and influencer guests to increase viewership. Trump himself
Ligne n°240 : has conducted few interviews, capitalizing on his own influencer status ...
Ligne n°239 : ... celebrity and influencer guests to increase viewership. Trump himself- Ligne n°240 : has conducted few interviews, capitalizing on his own influencer status
Ligne n°241 : instead by retweeting thousands of followers’ tweets and memes, ...
Ligne n°243 : ... content to his massive audience. Biden, whose team is working with the- Ligne n°244 : influencer firm Village Marketing, has been interviewed by a handful of
Ligne n°245 : lifestyle and parenting influencers, YouTube vloggers, and celebrities ...
Ligne n°244 : ... influencer firm Village Marketing, has been interviewed by a handful of- Ligne n°245 : lifestyle and parenting influencers, YouTube vloggers, and celebrities
Ligne n°246 : (notably, Cardi B^15 and Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson^16). While celebrity ...
Ligne n°247 : ... endorsement has long been a liberal tactic, the political mobilization- Ligne n°248 : of influencers, including those with small and large followings, is
Ligne n°249 : relatively new and is not without challenges, particularly regarding ...
Ligne n°252 : ... Although highly visible, celebrity endorsements, interviews with- Ligne n°253 : mega-influencers, and the much-discussed Bloomberg Memes^18 are not the
Ligne n°254 : whole story of influencers and the 2020 election. Our interviews reveal ...
Ligne n°253 : ... mega-influencers, and the much-discussed Bloomberg Memes^18 are not the- Ligne n°254 : whole story of influencers and the 2020 election. Our interviews reveal
Ligne n°255 : the appeal and power of influencer networks, particularly those of ...
Ligne n°254 : ... whole story of influencers and the 2020 election. Our interviews reveal- Ligne n°255 : the appeal and power of influencer networks, particularly those of
Ligne n°256 : nano-influencers, now being deployed by PACs, political strategy firms, ...
Ligne n°255 : ... the appeal and power of influencer networks, particularly those of- Ligne n°256 : nano-influencers, now being deployed by PACs, political strategy firms,
Ligne n°257 : and social movements. The most effective approach may be rallying ...
Ligne n°257 : ... and social movements. The most effective approach may be rallying- Ligne n°258 : small-scale influencers, described in interviews as “everyday people,”
Ligne n°259 : around a cause, not a candidate, and to help them to make their own ...- Ligne n°262 : The Power of Small-Scale Influencers
- Ligne n°264 : The political appeal of harnessing nano-influencers—accounts with fewer
Ligne n°265 : than 10,000 followers—and other small-scale influencers is manifold. ...
Ligne n°264 : ... The political appeal of harnessing nano-influencers—accounts with fewer- Ligne n°265 : than 10,000 followers—and other small-scale influencers is manifold.
Ligne n°266 : Unlike celebrity accounts, such small-scale influencers are normal ...
Ligne n°265 : ... than 10,000 followers—and other small-scale influencers is manifold.- Ligne n°266 : Unlike celebrity accounts, such small-scale influencers are normal
Ligne n°267 : individuals whose primary occupations are not being influencers, but ...
Ligne n°266 : ... Unlike celebrity accounts, such small-scale influencers are normal- Ligne n°267 : individuals whose primary occupations are not being influencers, but
Ligne n°268 : rather being active members of their local communities who have ...
Ligne n°271 : ... engagement, as they devotedly respond to questions and comments, these- Ligne n°272 : influencers are more likely to evoke the trust that people feel towards
Ligne n°273 : recommendations from friends and family.^19 Moreover, small-scale ...
Ligne n°273 : ... recommendations from friends and family.^19 Moreover, small-scale- Ligne n°274 : influencers have the benefit of highly targetable audiences, who share
Ligne n°275 : traits such as location, age, or a niche passion, which makes it easy ...
Ligne n°276 : ... for political actors to reach specific sects of voters to encourage or- Ligne n°277 : dissuade. Lastly, small-scale influencers are inexpensive,^20 enabling
Ligne n°278 : the mobilization of multitudes in order to target highly specific ...- Ligne n°281 : Coordinating small-scale political influencers is not without
Ligne n°282 : challenges. Not all influencer marketing platforms have small-scale ...
Ligne n°281 : ... Coordinating small-scale political influencers is not without- Ligne n°282 : challenges. Not all influencer marketing platforms have small-scale
Ligne n°283 : influencers. One political group that we spoke with created their own ...
Ligne n°282 : ... challenges. Not all influencer marketing platforms have small-scale- Ligne n°283 : influencers. One political group that we spoke with created their own
Ligne n°284 : database, painstakingly populated by searching Instagram and other ...
Ligne n°284 : ... database, painstakingly populated by searching Instagram and other- Ligne n°285 : platforms for nano-influencers’ contact information and contacting them
Ligne n°286 : individually. That said, small-scale influencers are an increasing ...
Ligne n°285 : ... platforms for nano-influencers’ contact information and contacting them- Ligne n°286 : individually. That said, small-scale influencers are an increasing
Ligne n°287 : focus in the commercial realm,^21 and the two well-known influencer ...
Ligne n°286 : ... individually. That said, small-scale influencers are an increasing- Ligne n°287 : focus in the commercial realm,^21 and the two well-known influencer
Ligne n°288 : marketing companies we spoke to had nano-influencers on their rosters, ...
Ligne n°287 : ... focus in the commercial realm,^21 and the two well-known influencer- Ligne n°288 : marketing companies we spoke to had nano-influencers on their rosters,
Ligne n°289 : reflecting increasing demand from brands. Furthermore, even if ...
Ligne n°289 : ... reflecting increasing demand from brands. Furthermore, even if- Ligne n°290 : small-scale influencers must be coordinated externally from the
Ligne n°291 : established platforms, they are likely to be flattered by the attention ...- Ligne n°296 : Partisan Differences in Adoption of Influencers
Ligne n°299 : ... experts reported feeling fed up with the lack of similar efforts on the- Ligne n°300 : Democratic side. Recognizing the unique way influencers could be used
Ligne n°301 : to target key demographic groups, especially in swing states, and ...
Ligne n°301 : ... to target key demographic groups, especially in swing states, and- Ligne n°302 : seeking to apply their business knowledge to politics, two influencer
Ligne n°303 : firm executives we spoke to described pursuing partnerships with ...
Ligne n°305 : ... free or at reduced cost. “There’s a lot we can do on state and local- Ligne n°306 : elections as well. We can find influencers who live in [a] given area,
Ligne n°307 : in a given city, in a given town, and find people whose audiences also ...
Ligne n°312 : ... of the posts, undermining one of the alleged principal strengths of- Ligne n°313 : influencer marketing: perceived authenticity.^22 In the words of one
Ligne n°314 : influencer firm executive: “I think you get a lot of campaign managers, ...
Ligne n°313 : ... influencer marketing: perceived authenticity.^22 In the words of one- Ligne n°314 : influencer firm executive: “I think you get a lot of campaign managers,
Ligne n°315 : they obviously like control and I think that that makes sense, but when ...
Ligne n°315 : ... they obviously like control and I think that that makes sense, but when- Ligne n°316 : you work with influencers, you have way less control.” Nevertheless,
Ligne n°317 : there are several prominent Democratic influencer efforts that are well ...
Ligne n°316 : ... you work with influencers, you have way less control.” Nevertheless,- Ligne n°317 : there are several prominent Democratic influencer efforts that are well
Ligne n°318 : underway, such as those led by Main Street One^23 and NextGen,^24 which ...
Ligne n°318 : ... underway, such as those led by Main Street One^23 and NextGen,^24 which- Ligne n°319 : both prioritize the use of nano-influencers, and by Village
Ligne n°320 : Marketing,^25 as well as general influencer branding guidelines ...
Ligne n°319 : ... both prioritize the use of nano-influencers, and by Village- Ligne n°320 : Marketing,^25 as well as general influencer branding guidelines
Ligne n°321 : publicly provided by the Biden campaign.^26 This hasn’t stopped an ...
Ligne n°321 : ... publicly provided by the Biden campaign.^26 This hasn’t stopped an- Ligne n°322 : advertising expert from claiming that political influencer marketing is
Ligne n°323 : “wildly under-utilized.”^27 ...
Ligne n°325 : ... Across the aisle, Republican groups appear to understand the utility of- Ligne n°326 : influencers. According to one politically agnostic influencer firm we
- Ligne n°326 : influencers. According to one politically agnostic influencer firm we
Ligne n°327 : spoke to, the Republican campaigns that approached them demonstrated a ...
Ligne n°327 : ... spoke to, the Republican campaigns that approached them demonstrated a- Ligne n°328 : better grasp of how the influencer platforms could be used to mobilize
Ligne n°329 : hyper-specific audiences, as opposed to simply partnering with ...
Ligne n°329 : ... hyper-specific audiences, as opposed to simply partnering with- Ligne n°330 : well-known influencers, as their Democratic counterparts were doing.^28
Ligne n°331 : The GOP has equipped “Rising Stars” with social media training and ...
Ligne n°331 : ... The GOP has equipped “Rising Stars” with social media training and- Ligne n°332 : invited young, minority influencers to the RNC headquarters to discuss
Ligne n°333 : how to influence conversations in their local communities.^29 Without ...
Ligne n°332 : ... invited young, minority influencers to the RNC headquarters to discuss- Ligne n°333 : how to influence conversations in their local communities.^29 Without
Ligne n°334 : apparent GOP oversight, there are also collections of influencers who ...
Ligne n°333 : ... how to influence conversations in their local communities.^29 Without- Ligne n°334 : apparent GOP oversight, there are also collections of influencers who
Ligne n°335 : have gathered into “hype houses” on TikTok. They have large-scale ...
Ligne n°338 : ... GOP guidance, the conservative youth group Turning Point USA has a- Ligne n°339 : well-established Influencer Media Program with a reported 260
Ligne n°340 : influencers who have an average following of 170,000 people.^31 An ...
Ligne n°339 : ... well-established Influencer Media Program with a reported 260- Ligne n°340 : influencers who have an average following of 170,000 people.^31 An
Ligne n°341 : affiliate, Turning Point Action, was recently found to be operating an ...
Ligne n°341 : ... affiliate, Turning Point Action, was recently found to be operating an- Ligne n°342 : influence operation described as “among the most ambitious domestic
Ligne n°343 : influence campaigns discovered this election cycle.”^32 Operating ...
Ligne n°342 : ... influence operation described as “among the most ambitious domestic- Ligne n°343 : influence campaigns discovered this election cycle.”^32 Operating
Ligne n°344 : through an external digital marketing firm, Turning Point Action paid ...- Ligne n°356 : Logistics: Coordinating an Influencer Campaign
- Ligne n°358 : Those seeking to coordinate political influencers can work with
Ligne n°359 : influencers on existing marketing platforms, assemble their own rosters ...
Ligne n°358 : ... Those seeking to coordinate political influencers can work with- Ligne n°359 : influencers on existing marketing platforms, assemble their own rosters
Ligne n°360 : through outreach, or do a combination of both. By using influencer ...
Ligne n°359 : ... influencers on existing marketing platforms, assemble their own rosters- Ligne n°360 : through outreach, or do a combination of both. By using influencer
Ligne n°361 : marking platforms, campaigns are able to post advertising requests and ...
Ligne n°361 : ... marking platforms, campaigns are able to post advertising requests and- Ligne n°362 : select influencers based upon their style and, importantly, the
Ligne n°363 : demographics of their audiences. Taking this a step further, one group ...
Ligne n°367 : ... marketing tools like Brandwatch and customer relationship management- Ligne n°368 : platforms (CRMs), and then use influencer platforms to choose
Ligne n°369 : influencers whose content will reach specific voters who are perceived ...
Ligne n°368 : ... platforms (CRMs), and then use influencer platforms to choose- Ligne n°369 : influencers whose content will reach specific voters who are perceived
Ligne n°370 : to be most receptive to that messaging. According to an executive from ...
Ligne n°371 : ... the group, there is also an ongoing effort within their organization to- Ligne n°372 : build a proprietary database of influencers by scraping social media
Ligne n°373 : platforms for progressive influencers and their followers, segmenting ...
Ligne n°372 : ... build a proprietary database of influencers by scraping social media- Ligne n°373 : platforms for progressive influencers and their followers, segmenting
Ligne n°374 : them based on characteristics like age, gender, and location to call on ...
Ligne n°374 : ... them based on characteristics like age, gender, and location to call on- Ligne n°375 : for future campaigns.^35 The firm focuses on using nano-influencers
Ligne n°376 : because they tend to be highly trusted by their audiences as ...
Ligne n°376 : ... because they tend to be highly trusted by their audiences as- Ligne n°377 : messengers. Influencer campaigns run by the firm emphasize
Ligne n°378 : narrative-style messaging with a local touch to mimic the appearance of ...
Ligne n°384 : ... Echoed across interviews was the sentiment that there has been a- Ligne n°385 : distinct shift in Instagram’s influencer culture over the last year.
Ligne n°386 : With the murder of George Floyd and subsequent protests, the COVID-19 ...
Ligne n°386 : ... With the murder of George Floyd and subsequent protests, the COVID-19- Ligne n°387 : pandemic, and the spread of QAnon, influencers have begun to post
Ligne n°388 : content that would have previously been considered too controversial. ...
Ligne n°389 : ... Our research identified three main motivations behind this shift in- Ligne n°390 : influencer postings: the desire to use platforms for political
Ligne n°391 : activism, changes in audience expectations, and the incentivization of ...- Ligne n°396 : In the words of one influencer we interviewed: “My whole thing was that
Ligne n°397 : I wanted to spread a message that was meaningful. I wanted to make a ...
Ligne n°402 : ... establishing an expectation of political discourse. While this type of- Ligne n°403 : content may invigorate the influencer’s audience, it can also,
Ligne n°404 : conversely, invigorate those in opposition. One popular conservative ...
Ligne n°404 : ... conversely, invigorate those in opposition. One popular conservative- Ligne n°405 : influencer we spoke with told us that their primary motivation for
Ligne n°406 : becoming a partisan influencer was the activity they saw on social ...
Ligne n°405 : ... influencer we spoke with told us that their primary motivation for- Ligne n°406 : becoming a partisan influencer was the activity they saw on social
Ligne n°407 : media during police protests in the wake of the murder of George Floyd: ...- Ligne n°418 : According to those we spoke with, a main driving factor for influencers
Ligne n°419 : to post this new kind of politically-charged content is a general ...
Ligne n°419 : ... to post this new kind of politically-charged content is a general- Ligne n°420 : change in audience demand. Since influencers operate in an
Ligne n°421 : engagement-driven system, when their audiences expect them to speak ...
Ligne n°421 : ... engagement-driven system, when their audiences expect them to speak- Ligne n°422 : about social issues, the influencers have to respond. In the words of
Ligne n°423 : one influencer platform executive: “It’s become a place where ...
Ligne n°422 : ... about social issues, the influencers have to respond. In the words of- Ligne n°423 : one influencer platform executive: “It’s become a place where
Ligne n°424 : influencers are expected to say something, and they are expected to be ...
Ligne n°423 : ... one influencer platform executive: “It’s become a place where- Ligne n°424 : influencers are expected to say something, and they are expected to be
Ligne n°425 : on the right side of history if they want to continue to operate their ...
Ligne n°425 : ... on the right side of history if they want to continue to operate their- Ligne n°426 : businesses.” Especially for nano-influencers, whose audiences are
Ligne n°427 : smaller and highly engaged, these kinds of posts in support of a social ...
Ligne n°434 : ... Social media platforms have long been fertile ground for the spread of- Ligne n°435 : conspiracy theories and, in 2020, countless “mainstream” influencers,
Ligne n°436 : from fitness gurus to beauty bloggers, have joined the ranks of those ...- Ligne n°456 : Influencer culture that thrives on authenticity and being an individual
Ligne n°457 : fits well with these kinds of messages that encourage individuality in ...
Ligne n°465 : ... country, and 4 in 10 Republicans believe the same.^44 From our- Ligne n°466 : interviews, it appears to be an established tactic for influencers to
Ligne n°467 : capitalize on QAnon to get a boost in followers and engagement, even if ...
Ligne n°477 : ... based on chronological order to a more complex and evolving system- Ligne n°478 : based on user preference and engagement,^47 influencers have had to
Ligne n°479 : find new ways to get their content into their follower’s feeds.^48 Fake ...
Ligne n°479 : ... find new ways to get their content into their follower’s feeds.^48 Fake- Ligne n°480 : influencer marketing, which includes the purchase of fake followers and
Ligne n°481 : likes and the use of bots to increase engagement, is predicted to cost ...
Ligne n°519 : ... organic-appearing way than using automated methods. And because pods- Ligne n°520 : tend to be segmented by types of accounts, such as mommy influencers
Ligne n°521 : and travel influencers, pods can make it appear as though a certain ...
Ligne n°520 : ... tend to be segmented by types of accounts, such as mommy influencers- Ligne n°521 : and travel influencers, pods can make it appear as though a certain
Ligne n°522 : type of messaging is popular with a specific type of user on the ...- Ligne n°525 : Political Influencers on TikTok
Ligne n°529 : ... whom are aged 10 to 29,^54 has become a hotbed of “Gen Z” and- Ligne n°530 : millennial political commentary. Collectives of political influencers,
Ligne n°531 : organized into a variety of conservative or liberal “hype houses,” have ...- Ligne n°535 : We spoke with two influencers who are members of political hype houses
Ligne n°536 : to understand how they coordinate and enhance their influence. First, ...
Ligne n°535 : ... We spoke with two influencers who are members of political hype houses- Ligne n°536 : to understand how they coordinate and enhance their influence. First,
Ligne n°537 : they recruit a small network of like-minded influencers. Then, to gain ...
Ligne n°536 : ... to understand how they coordinate and enhance their influence. First,- Ligne n°537 : they recruit a small network of like-minded influencers. Then, to gain
Ligne n°538 : traction, they use established tactics such as doing popular dances and ...
Ligne n°540 : ... schoolers” because they are a highly engaged and malleable audience. In- Ligne n°541 : the candid words of one of the influencers: “When you target to the
Ligne n°542 : most manipulatable audience it’s going to be really easy to gain a ...
Ligne n°544 : ... an established account with well-curated content, they recruit more- Ligne n°545 : influencers. The hype house has multiple tiers of influencers, based
- Ligne n°545 : influencers. The hype house has multiple tiers of influencers, based
Ligne n°546 : upon quality of content and number of followers, and a council of main ...
Ligne n°546 : ... upon quality of content and number of followers, and a council of main- Ligne n°547 : brand ambassadors that initiates new influencers, manages partner
Ligne n°548 : accounts, handles the selling of merchandise, and, most interestingly, ...
Ligne n°549 : ... coordinates the topics and messaging that they would like to see from- Ligne n°550 : their influencers. The message coordination meeting takes place once a
Ligne n°551 : week: “Let’s not talk about this, we need to focus on this. Or maybe ...
Ligne n°560 : ... followers, seem ripe for marshaling by traditional political campaigns,- Ligne n°561 : PACs, and strategists. However, the two influencers we interviewed had
Ligne n°562 : not received marching orders or payment from external sources. Their ...- Ligne n°573 : DISCUSSION: The Ethics of Mobilizing Political Influencers
- Ligne n°575 : Is coordinating networks of influencers to share political content
Ligne n°576 : ethical? On the one hand, some argue that it is no different than ...
Ligne n°578 : ... digital door-knocking, I think of this as e-canvassing.” However, there- Ligne n°579 : are three key differences: (1) scale of reach, (2) influencers’
Ligne n°580 : relationships with their audiences, and (3) disclosure and transparency ...
Ligne n°580 : ... relationships with their audiences, and (3) disclosure and transparency- Ligne n°581 : regarding coordination. Influencers differ from canvassers because a
Ligne n°582 : single post can reach thousands of people in an instant versus the ...
Ligne n°584 : ... single number at any given time. There is also a relational difference- Ligne n°585 : between a canvasser knocking on a stranger’s door and an influencer
Ligne n°586 : whose audience has a relationship with them, perceived or otherwise. ...
Ligne n°587 : ... Lastly, canvassers gain trust by affiliating with a campaign so they- Ligne n°588 : are willing to disclose, while influencers gain trust by remaining
Ligne n°589 : “authentic.” Lack of disclosure regarding payment or affiliation make ...- Ligne n°595 : By focusing on disclosure, proponents of paid political influencers
Ligne n°596 : overlook the deeper issue of digital astroturfing—the coordination of ...
Ligne n°613 : ... COVID-19,^59 echoing the justifications we heard from strategists- Ligne n°614 : coordinating political influencers on Instagram.
- Ligne n°618 : Influencers pose a threat to campaign transparency, accountability, and
Ligne n°619 : informational quality. Political influencer posts do not qualify for ...
Ligne n°618 : ... Influencers pose a threat to campaign transparency, accountability, and- Ligne n°619 : informational quality. Political influencer posts do not qualify for
Ligne n°620 : the stricter rules imposed by Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter on ...
Ligne n°637 : ... Lack of proper disclosure regulations leaves significant openings for- Ligne n°638 : dark money and foreign actors to fund influencer operations with little
Ligne n°639 : to no detection, threatening the security and integrity of elections in ...
Ligne n°639 : ... to no detection, threatening the security and integrity of elections in- Ligne n°640 : the United States and beyond. Russian influence operations in Africa
Ligne n°641 : have been testing tactics to spread disinformation by using local ...
Ligne n°644 : ... 2016 election, the Kremlin’s Internet Research Agency successfully- Ligne n°645 : targeted black Americans on Instagram by mimicking influencer behavior
Ligne n°646 : as a part of an orchestrated disinformation campaign in 2017.^63 ...- Ligne n°648 : In order to combat the rise of political influencers, both the federal
Ligne n°649 : government and social media firms must act. While some precedents have ...
Ligne n°649 : ... government and social media firms must act. While some precedents have- Ligne n°650 : been set for monitoring influencers paid for commercial purposes, the
Ligne n°651 : use of political influencers is different. Ultimately, the use of paid ...
Ligne n°650 : ... been set for monitoring influencers paid for commercial purposes, the- Ligne n°651 : use of political influencers is different. Ultimately, the use of paid
Ligne n°652 : political influencers amounts to active, professional electioneering. ...
Ligne n°651 : ... use of political influencers is different. Ultimately, the use of paid- Ligne n°652 : political influencers amounts to active, professional electioneering.
Ligne n°653 : It should be treated as such. Even when influencer groups are not paid ...
Ligne n°652 : ... political influencers amounts to active, professional electioneering.- Ligne n°653 : It should be treated as such. Even when influencer groups are not paid
Ligne n°654 : to communicate by political groups, as seems to be the case with the ...
Ligne n°657 : ... in trends and recommendations. The use of broadscale coordination of- Ligne n°658 : influencers, particularly small-scale nano-influencers who are
- Ligne n°658 : influencers, particularly small-scale nano-influencers who are
Ligne n°659 : basically “regular” users, in efforts to dictate outcomes on digital ...
Ligne n°676 : ... Goodwin, A.M., Joseff, K., & Woolley, S. C. (2020, October). Social- Ligne n°677 : media influencers and the 2020 U.S. election: Paying ‘regular people’
Ligne n°678 : for digital campaign communication. Center for Media Engagement. ...
Ligne n°678 : ... for digital campaign communication. Center for Media Engagement.- Ligne n°679 : https://mediaengagement.org/research/social-media-influencers-and-the-2
Ligne n°680 : 020-election ...
Ligne n°684 : ... 3. As of October 5, 2020. ↩- Ligne n°685 : 4. McNeal, S. (2020, September 30). The Era Of Influencers Being
Ligne n°686 : Apolitical Online Is Over. BuzzFeed News. https://www. ...
Ligne n°686 : ... Apolitical Online Is Over. BuzzFeed News. https://www.- Ligne n°687 : buzzfeednews.com/article/stephaniemcneal/the-era-of-influencers-bei
Ligne n°688 : ng-apolitical-online-is-over. ↩ ...
Ligne n°688 : ... ng-apolitical-online-is-over. ↩- Ligne n°689 : 5. According to an influencer platform executive we spoke to: “A lot
Ligne n°690 : of people now feel such responsibility—now we have COVID, we have ...
Ligne n°691 : ... Black Lives Matter… their audiences are calling out for the- Ligne n°692 : influences to take a stand on certain things like repeatedly just
Ligne n°693 : in the first half of 2020. So, I think it’s kind of been a wakeup ...
Ligne n°693 : ... in the first half of 2020. So, I think it’s kind of been a wakeup- Ligne n°694 : call for a lot of the influencers we work with.” ↩
Ligne n°695 : 6. Zarroli, J. (2020, September 3). 2020 Is The Year Of The Woman ...
Ligne n°710 : ... https://theharrispoll.com/the-harris-poll-covid19-tracker/ ↩- Ligne n°711 : 8. According to one influencer platform executive we interviewed:
Ligne n°712 : “What’s interesting now is how the world has gotten just so crazy. ...
Ligne n°712 : ... “What’s interesting now is how the world has gotten just so crazy.- Ligne n°713 : A lot of micro-influencers now, you know, either they’ve lost jobs
Ligne n°714 : or the economic stability they once had they don’t have, so like ...
Ligne n°717 : ... can.” ↩- Ligne n°718 : 9. Abidin, C. (2016). Visibility labour: Engaging with Influencers’
Ligne n°719 : fashion brands and #OOTD advertorial campaigns on Instagram. Media ...
Ligne n°729 : ... 10. Kapitan, S., & Silvera, D. H. (2016). From digital media- Ligne n°730 : influencers to celebrity endorsers: attributions drive endorser
Ligne n°731 : effectiveness. Marketing Letters, 27(3), 553-567. ; Audrezet, A., ...
Ligne n°732 : ... De Kerviler, G., & Moulard, J. G. (2018). Authenticity under- Ligne n°733 : threat: When social media influencers need to go beyond
Ligne n°734 : self-presentation. Journal of Business Research. ; Scott, M. ...
Ligne n°734 : ... self-presentation. Journal of Business Research. ; Scott, M.- Ligne n°735 : (2018). An analysis of how social media influencers utilise
Ligne n°736 : trust-building strategies to create advocates. Journal of ...
Ligne n°738 : ... Maity, D., Munnukka, J., & Reinikainen, H. (2019). Primed- Ligne n°739 : Authenticity: How Priming Impacts Authenticity Perception of Social
Ligne n°740 : Media Influencers. International Journal of Strategic ...
Ligne n°739 : ... Authenticity: How Priming Impacts Authenticity Perception of Social- Ligne n°740 : Media Influencers. International Journal of Strategic
Ligne n°741 : Communication, 13(4), 352-365. ↩ ...
Ligne n°747 : ... Political Marketing, 17(4), 301-321. ; Hu, H., Zhang, D., & Wang,- Ligne n°748 : C. (2019). Impact of social media influencers’ endorsement on
- Ligne n°748 : C. (2019). Impact of social media influencers’ endorsement on
Ligne n°749 : application adoption: A trust transfer perspective. Social Behavior ...
Ligne n°781 : ... 19. Barhorst, J. B., McLean, G., Brooks, J., & Wilson, A. (2019, June).- Ligne n°782 : Everyday micro-influencers and their impact on corporate brand
- Ligne n°782 : Everyday micro-influencers and their impact on corporate brand
Ligne n°783 : reputation. In 21st ICIG Symposium. ; HypeAuditor. (2019). (rep.). ...
Ligne n°783 : ... reputation. In 21st ICIG Symposium. ; HypeAuditor. (2019). (rep.).- Ligne n°784 : The State of Influencer Marketing 2019. Retrieved from
Ligne n°785 : https://hypeauditor.com/s/auditor/ ...
Ligne n°785 : ... https://hypeauditor.com/s/auditor/- Ligne n°786 : resources/The-State-of-Influencer-Marketing-2019.pdf. ↩
Ligne n°787 : 20. According to WebFX, 2020 rates are as follows– Facebook costs $25 ...
Ligne n°789 : ... 1,000; YouTube: $20 per 1,000; and, Snapchat: $10 per 1,000. Of- Ligne n°790 : course, there are many estimates. WebFX. (2020). (rep.). Influencer
Ligne n°791 : Marketing Pricing: How Much Does It Cost in 2020? Retrieved from ...
Ligne n°791 : ... Marketing Pricing: How Much Does It Cost in 2020? Retrieved from- Ligne n°792 : https://www.webfx.com/influencer-marketing-pricing.html. ↩
Ligne n°793 : 21. Maheshwari, S. (2018, November 11). Are You Ready for the ...
Ligne n°793 : ... 21. Maheshwari, S. (2018, November 11). Are You Ready for the- Ligne n°794 : Nanoinfluencers? The New York Times.
Ligne n°795 : https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/11/business/media/nanoinfluencers-i ...
Ligne n°794 : ... Nanoinfluencers? The New York Times.- Ligne n°795 : https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/11/business/media/nanoinfluencers-i
Ligne n°796 : nstagram-influencers.html. ; Cohn, W. H. (2019, January 31). ...
Ligne n°795 : ... https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/11/business/media/nanoinfluencers-i- Ligne n°796 : nstagram-influencers.html. ; Cohn, W. H. (2019, January 31).
Ligne n°797 : Council Post: How Nano-Influencers Can Impact Your Business In ...
Ligne n°796 : ... nstagram-influencers.html. ; Cohn, W. H. (2019, January 31).- Ligne n°797 : Council Post: How Nano-Influencers Can Impact Your Business In
- Ligne n°797 : Council Post: How Nano-Influencers Can Impact Your Business In
Ligne n°798 : 2019. Forbes. ...
Ligne n°799 : ... https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesnycouncil/2019/01/31/how-nano-in- Ligne n°800 : fluencers-can-impact-your-business-in-2019/. ↩
Ligne n°801 : 22. Abidin, C. (2016). Visibility labour: Engaging with Influencers’ ...
Ligne n°800 : ... fluencers-can-impact-your-business-in-2019/. ↩- Ligne n°801 : 22. Abidin, C. (2016). Visibility labour: Engaging with Influencers’
Ligne n°802 : fashion brands and #OOTD advertorial campaigns on Instagram. Media ...
Ligne n°807 : ... affordances of Instagram and the fantastical authenticity of female- Ligne n°808 : Gulf-Arab social media influencers. Social Media+Society, 5(1),
Ligne n°809 : 2056305118819241. ↩ ...
Ligne n°824 : ... 24. Glazer, E., & Wells, G. (2019, September 23). Political Campaigns- Ligne n°825 : Turn to Social-Media Influencers to Reach Voters. The Wall Street
Ligne n°826 : Journal. ...
Ligne n°827 : ... https://www.wsj.com/articles/political-campaigns-turn-to-social-med- Ligne n°828 : ia-influencers-to-reachvoters- 11569251450. ; Sabin, S. (2019,
Ligne n°829 : December 19). Experts Say Influencers Could Help Campaigns Sidestep ...
Ligne n°828 : ... ia-influencers-to-reachvoters- 11569251450. ; Sabin, S. (2019,- Ligne n°829 : December 19). Experts Say Influencers Could Help Campaigns Sidestep
Ligne n°830 : Social Media Crackdown on Political Ads. Morning Consult. ...
Ligne n°830 : ... Social Media Crackdown on Political Ads. Morning Consult.- Ligne n°831 : https://morningconsult.com/2019/12/19/experts-say-influencers-could
Ligne n°832 : -help-campaigns-sidestepsocial- media-crackdown-on-political-ads/. ...
Ligne n°842 : ... 27. Monllos, K. (2020, October 1). ‘Wildly under-utilized’: What- Ligne n°843 : influencer marketing looks like for the 2020 election. Digiday.
Ligne n°844 : https://digiday.com/marketing/wildly-under-utilized-what-influencer ...
Ligne n°843 : ... influencer marketing looks like for the 2020 election. Digiday.- Ligne n°844 : https://digiday.com/marketing/wildly-under-utilized-what-influencer
Ligne n°845 : -marketing-looks-like-for-the-2020-election/. ↩ ...
Ligne n°845 : ... -marketing-looks-like-for-the-2020-election/. ↩- Ligne n°846 : 28. According to one influencer marketing executive we interviewed:
Ligne n°847 : “They really understood like: ‘Oh, I don’t just need an influencer ...
Ligne n°846 : ... 28. According to one influencer marketing executive we interviewed:- Ligne n°847 : “They really understood like: ‘Oh, I don’t just need an influencer
Ligne n°848 : who’s reaching those people, who looks like this and cares about ...
Ligne n°852 : ... 29. Glazer, E., & Wells, G. (2019, September 23). Political Campaigns- Ligne n°853 : Turn to Social-Media Influencers to Reach Voters. The Wall Street
Ligne n°854 : Journal. ...
Ligne n°855 : ... https://www.wsj.com/articles/political-campaigns-turn-to-social-med- Ligne n°856 : ia-influencers-to-reach-voters-11569251450. ↩
Ligne n°857 : 30. As of October 5, 2020. ↩ ...
Ligne n°857 : ... 30. As of October 5, 2020. ↩- Ligne n°858 : 31. Turning Point USA. (2020). Influencer Media. Turning Point USA.
Ligne n°859 : https://www.tpusa.com/influencermedia. ↩ ...
Ligne n°858 : ... 31. Turning Point USA. (2020). Influencer Media. Turning Point USA.- Ligne n°859 : https://www.tpusa.com/influencermedia. ↩
Ligne n°860 : 32. Stanley-Becker, I. (2020, September 16). Pro-Trump youth group ...
Ligne n°872 : ... 35. According to our interview with an executive of a company that- Ligne n°873 : explicitly coordinates political influencers: “We have our own sort
Ligne n°874 : of proprietary list of email addresses that we own of people that ...
Ligne n°882 : ... recruiting front-line workers, who are content creators and social- Ligne n°883 : influencers, tell their personal stories. And then we have sub-
Ligne n°884 : sets of micro-influencers who are sharing their personal ...
Ligne n°883 : ... influencers, tell their personal stories. And then we have sub-- Ligne n°884 : sets of micro-influencers who are sharing their personal
Ligne n°885 : interactions and experiences with those front-line workers. And ...
Ligne n°914 : ... watered down, it’s easier to swallow, and so at the end of the day- Ligne n°915 : if someone goes ‘Oh, this influencer I love is spreading the idea
Ligne n°916 : that we should save the children from being kidnapped. Okay, why ...
Ligne n°928 : ... interviewed: “In terms of follower counts, I think if like a really- Ligne n°929 : normal, mainstream influencer suddenly posts something QAnon,
Ligne n°930 : she’ll probably lose followers…but once QAnon people pick up on ...
Ligne n°940 : ... 48. Cotter, K. (2019). Playing the visibility game: How digital- Ligne n°941 : influencers and algorithms negotiate influence on Instagram. New
- Ligne n°941 : influencers and algorithms negotiate influence on Instagram. New
Ligne n°942 : Media & Society, 21(4), 895-913. ↩ ...
Ligne n°942 : ... Media & Society, 21(4), 895-913. ↩- Ligne n°943 : 49. Cavazos, R. (2019). Fake Influencer Marketing in 2019. CHEQ AI
Ligne n°944 : Technologies. https://www.cheq.ai/influencers ↩ ...
Ligne n°943 : ... 49. Cavazos, R. (2019). Fake Influencer Marketing in 2019. CHEQ AI- Ligne n°944 : Technologies. https://www.cheq.ai/influencers ↩
Ligne n°945 : 50. O’Meara, V. (2019). Weapons of the chic: Instagram influencer ...
Ligne n°944 : ... Technologies. https://www.cheq.ai/influencers ↩- Ligne n°945 : 50. O’Meara, V. (2019). Weapons of the chic: Instagram influencer
Ligne n°946 : engagement pods as practices of resistance to Instagram platform ...
Ligne n°988 : ... 62. Grossman, S., Bush, D., & DiResta, R. (2019). (rep.). Evidence of- Ligne n°989 : Russia-Linked Influence Operations in Africa. Stanford Internet
Ligne n°990 : Observatory. Retrieved from ...