#Science in the News » Feed Science in the News » Comments Feed Science in the News » How Science and Genetics are Reshaping the Race Debate of the 21st Century Comments Feed alternate alternate alternate -- Blog, Opinion How Science and Genetics are Reshaping the Race Debate of the 21st Century by Vivian Chou -- Muslims. Minorities such as American Muslims and black Americans have expressed fears over racial relations under Trump. Undeniably, the topic of race—and racism—has gripped America and the world throughout. Over the last decade, there have been hopes that the US has become a post-racial society, free of racial prejudice and discrimination. However, the most recent months indicate the contrary: race remains an incendiary issue. Race and racism are not new issues, but in today’s 21^st century Trump-era, discussions about race are distinct from those of the past in that they possess an entirely new dimension: that of genetics and DNA. Race in the new era of human genetics research In 2003, scientists completed the Human Genome Project, making it -- are the new “it” item—and with their success is the tacit admission of our belief that our DNA can sort us into categories like the “five races:” African, European, Asian, Oceania, and Native American (Figure 1A). Figure 1. ‘Race’ cannot be biologically defined due to genetic variation among human individuals and populations. (A) The old concept of the “five races:” African, Asian, European, Native American, and Oceanian. According to this view, variation between the races is large, and thus, the each race is a separate category. Additionally, individual races are thought to have a relatively uniform genetic identity. (B) Actual genetic variation in humans. Human populations do roughly cluster into geographical regions. However, variation between different regions is small, thus blurring the lines between populations. Furthermore, variation within a single region is large, and there is no uniform identity. Figure 1: ‘Race’ cannot be biologically defined due to genetic variation among human individuals and populations. (A) The old concept of the “five races:” African, Asian, European, Native American, and Oceanian. According to this view, variation between the races is large, and thus, the each race is a separate category. Additionally, individual races are thought to have a relatively uniform genetic identity. (B) Actual genetic variation in humans. Human populations do roughly cluster into geographical regions. -- region is large, and there is no uniform identity. New findings in genetics tear down old ideas about race Estimating our ancestral composition down to 0.1% seem to suggest that -- for ancestry testing, the reaction from scientists has been considerably more lukewarm. Research indicates that the concept of “five races” does, to an extent, describe the way human populations are distributed among the continents—but the lines between races are much more blurred than ancestry testing companies would have us believe (Figure 1B). -- of the people from that region—hardly enough to be any kind of trademark. Thus, there is no evidence that the groups we commonly call “races” have distinct, unifying genetic identities. In fact, there is ample variation within races (Figure 1B). Ultimately, there is so much ambiguity between the races, and so much variation within them, that two people of European descent may be more genetically similar to an Asian person than they are to each other -- between Watson and Venter. Does “race” still mean something? The divisions between races are doubtlessly blurred, but does this necessarily mean that race is a myth—a mere social construct and biologically meaningless? As with other race-related questions, the answer is multi-dimensional and may well depend on whom you ask. In the biological and social sciences, the consensus is clear: race is a social construct, not a biological attribute. Today, scientists prefer to use the term “ancestry” to describe human diversity (Figure -- connection to the geographical origins of our ancestors—with enough information about a person’s DNA, scientists can make a reasonable guess about their ancestry. However, unlike the term “race,” it focuses on understanding how a person’s history unfolded, not how they fit into one category and not another. In a clinical setting, for instance, -- “Northern European” descent, respectively, rather than in those who are “black” or “white”. Figure 3. Race versus ancestry. (A) The classification of people into different races is typically based on observable physical features, with skin color being the most prominently used characteristic. Racial classifications also draw upon non-biological characteristics such as culture, language, history, religion, and socioeconomic status. Thus, “race” is a term that lacks clear definition. (B) In contrast to race, “ancestry” emphasizes the geographical origins of one’s ancestors (parents, grandparents, and beyond). Unlike “race,” the concept of “ancestry” does not focus on the static categorization of humans into groups, but rather on the process by which a person’s history unfolded. Figure 3: Race versus ancestry. (A) The classification of people into different races is typically based on observable physical features, with skin color being the most prominently used characteristic. Racial classifications also draw upon non-biological characteristics such as culture, language, history, religion, and socioeconomic status. Thus, “race” is a term that lacks clear definition. (B) In contrast to race, “ancestry” emphasizes the geographical origins of one’s ancestors (parents, grandparents, and beyond). Unlike “race,” the concept of “ancestry” does not focus on the static categorization of humans into groups, but rather on the process by which a person’s history unfolded. However, even if scientists agree that race is, at most, a social construct, any cursory search of the internet reveals that the broader public is not convinced of this. After all, if an Asian person looks so different from a European, how could they not be from distinct groups? Even if most scientists reject the concept of “race” as a biological concept, race exists, undeniably, as a social and political concept. The popular classifications of race are based chiefly on skin color, with other relevant features including height, eyes, and hair. Though these physical differences may appear, on a superficial level, to be -- justification for committing all manner of discriminations and atrocities. The advances in human genetics and the evidence of negligible differences between races might be expected to halt racist arguments. But, in fact, genetics has been used to further racist and ethnocentric arguments—as in the case of the alt-right, which promotes -- representations of scientific findings. Today, the question of “race” is no longer merely a political and social issue: as science has rapidly advanced, it has become irrevocably intertwined. The genome contains powerful insights about -- genetics?” (December 2016) Harvard Magazine “Race in a genetic world” (2008) Livescience “Genetic ancestry tests mostly hype, scientists say” (2007) -- Nature Genetics “Implications of biogeography of human populations for ‘race’ and medicine” (November 2004) Share this: -- April 17, 2017February 27, 201923andMe, ancestry, featured, Genetics, human genome project, March for Science, race 309 thoughts on “How Science and Genetics are Reshaping the Race Debate of the 21st Century” -- Bru Swan says: May 2, 2017 at 11:31 pm I totally agree with your premise about race. Scientist using the term ancestry instead of race; kudos to them, if only the general public would pick up on that. If the “out of Africa theory” which the evidence and research seems to support with a high level of confidence was communicated so the public better understood our ancestry and the road our species has traveled to get were we are today then maybe our view of race and the prejudices that ensue from the term “race” would be lessened considerably. Unfortunately to many of us have beliefs that are inconsistent with scientific theory and that only clouds our true understanding of ancestry and -- March 29, 2019 at 4:28 pm The mere reference to “ black” gene highlights the hold the social construct of races of men has on so many. No such thing as “ black” genes. Just as there is no such things as “ middle class”, “ lower class” -- disagree with me. The expression of alleles- such as brown eyes, brown skin, does not a separate race make. Reply 1. -- a white nation, nor is it okay for you to believe it is okay to want to stay a white nation. Anything about race and race itself that you are worried about is the result of the white man destroying entire societies and countries and villages and ravaging entire nations. If anyone is to blame for this notion of race it is people like you, yourself, sir. 3. enoughisenough says: -- all. This is why geographical terminology best applies to geography and and should not be so heavily relied upon for a discriptor for race. Race moves location and changes with time. 5. Chinazo Okeke says: -- January 30, 2020 at 3:43 am Speak for yourself,,, we care way to much about our race its important. 3. Keith Evelyn says: -- October 28, 2020 at 9:01 pm Greetings: what about pheramonal DNA research from smelling people of different races in relation to the flight to fight instinct. What is the difference in sweat between the three main races? Is anyone doing research in sweat? How does the unconscious mind react to sweat in blind testing. Controlled test: have one asian, one white and one black person run on a treadmill long enough to sweat. Blindfold three people of the three different races. Hook them up to an electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram. And galvanic responce meter. The have them smell the sweat blindfolded not knowing the visual race of the person before them and see the results. Has anyone tried this. Let’s get a grant. Not a Carey grant or -- for genetics isn’t it? Why call those that see the obvious difference racist..if there is no such thing as race then there can be no such thing as racist….? 4. -- under the law. This means one population subset isn’t “better” than another one. There is also ZERO biological evidence of more than one human race, though there are inherited traits based on ancestry. There is Zero basis on any difference in -- Nancy, there’s ABUNDANT biological-genetic-morphological for multiple, several, many human races, which is very plainly obvious, as with that the sun, the moon, and the earth are spherical. ‘Supremacy’ -- January 7, 2020 at 3:58 pm From 1776 to 1965, the USA was 80% white, 13% black and a smattering of other races. This would constitute a “white” nation, just as the Indian Reservations might have a small -- There is enormous evidence for major intellectual and physical differences between ethnicities (races). Ashkenazi Jews have an average IQ a full standard deviation higher than Europeans and hispanics are a full -- Sydney Blake says: February 27, 2020 at 6:57 am There are differences between races such as skin colour, hair type, eye colour, athletic ability, etc based on genetic inheritance. -- June 15, 2020 at 7:42 pm Lol NO honey the Egyptians were here 1st before ANY OTHER RACE!! You were genetically made 😂😂😂 Vicky patrisse Caucasian back past 6000 years ago #FACTS …WHICH MEAN BC MEANS BEFORE CAUC”ASIANS” 😂😂😂 it’s so cute how you guys -- started this out of Africa lie was a racist against Caucasians and Asians who have larger brains. So to put his race on an equal level he made the false claim all humans evolved from primates in Africa which is a lie. Primates have always been this species as humans have -- haired people. my conclusion from data collected by observation. interview. yes curly haired people think logically. i would imagine we have a different race of people to black people . who were the original curly haired people. i would go so far as to say. curly haired -- Chuck Jackson says: March 17, 2019 at 12:56 pm No other races behaves in the same way as carcasuons mixed with Neanderthals. Most other races are not fearful and hateful of other people, almost seemingly on a genetic level. Most races are curious or interested in different people yet white people seem to be scared or threatened by what is different. -- befriend others at first and then play the victim card to justify destroying obstacles/other cultures/peoples. It’s the only race that has this hateful nature in them that allows them to destroy other cultures and people, play the victim as justification to destroy them. -- March 21, 2019 at 11:00 am It’s probably not differences in intelligence between races but rather genetic differences that give rise to the capacity for social integration and cohesion that sets apart Neanderthal/ Late Homo Erectus descendants in -- June 5, 2020 at 9:00 am Currently there are 1500 exclusive white hate groups in the usa. More then any race in the entire world.Fear of outsiders is not a fundamental human trait. Take for example native americans. If fear -- climate in which we find ourselves as a nation. I saw many statements bemoaning the confounding the science of race with politics. Unfortunately, it seems to be impossible to separate any discussion of race, scientific or otherwise,from politics. Just look at history in general , or US history in particular. Just a few of the many examples: the -- beginning of chattel slavery I America, the constitution which at least acknowledged the existence of race bases slavery,the 13th,14th& 15th amendments ,Reconstruction, Jim Crow,& Brown vs Board of Education. Finally I’d like to throw out a -- December 30, 2019 at 2:09 pm Great comments. I would love to meet you. Check out what I’m doing at eraseraces.com 3. Chris says: -- for everything. Read that again…. It isn’t about whites being better. It’s about people of all races that understand that the white race is no better or worse than any other race and they’re tired of white people being blamed for everything bad. “It’s okay to be proud you’re any race except white.” That is anti white and is racism. You want to bring up slavery? Why not bring up how hundreds -- slaves? The left has ALWAYS been about racism. They used to be about white supremacy and now they’re about any race supremacy but white. They’re still about racism. The alt right isn’t looking for segregation or anything like that and trust me for every racist claim you can give me from a white person, a racist claim can be found from every other race. For every unarmed person of color killed by cops in this country, there are several unarmed whites that were killed by cops but unarmed white -- that pretend they’re not racist simply because they’re not white. Whites aren’t victimizing anymore than any other race but they are being victimized more than most other races at this point in history by the numbers and those that point this out are obviously white supremacists that secretly think -- Good points Chris and I agree wholeheartedly and I am a “black” man. I actually don’t subscribe to “race” ideology. Check me out at eraseraces.com. I think you’ve got it right though. My mission is to get rid of the “race” concept period. 2. -- in only 1% of that population. So to say that all White people have a gene for fear and/or destruction not found in other “races” is simply false. Reply 10. -- October 5, 2019 at 8:40 am What a joke. Caucaziods are the Prometheus to the human races inventing and discovering 98 % of everything from the wheel to space travel. You sound so jealous. Reply -- Nicolas says: November 16, 2019 at 2:19 am Only white race has hatred and fear? Perhaps you should read a bit more about Asian and African history. The Shaka Zulu story is a good example of discriminatory and -- wrong: fear and hatred in abundance. In fact, one of the best arguments in favour of the similarities of races is the fact that ALL of them developed similar traits of “hatred and fear”. You should ponder on this. -- do ask yourself why did no African group develop beyond the stone age? How is it that Mesopotamian, Nile and, later, Greek races developed to such superior cultural levels? Which traits did any of these borrow from African tribes? -- colonizers, be it freezing or broiling, they triumphed: case in point- Faukland Islands to the hot & arid Australia. Race and Culture are very important building blocks for success. The Whites have both. When the Whites ruled -- and even improved. Even for that there is a need for innate capabilities. The bottom line is clear as daylight. Race is not a myth: it is a reality- maybe it is an offensive reality. 12. -- Racist comments, one and all. Did you read this article at all? There is no proof that there are separate human races. We are all one race. Reply 1. -- December 30, 2019 at 2:19 pm Thanks for attempting to restore the sanity. You are correct. We are one race. Human. eraseraces.com Reply 13. Scott says: November 27, 2019 at 5:08 pm Then why do the non-white races create such dysfunctional cultures/countries which then prompts them to want to go live in ‘white’ countries? -- May 4, 2020 at 11:51 pm You do realize that you are making generalizations about people based on race, which is, by definition, racism. I am mostly northern European in ancestry, and it never occurred to be to consider myself superior or exile people from other races. I speak five languages of which only one is European, and have been “close” with people of many different cultures. This is because we are not many. We are one! We must stop explaining racism, or justify racism, or vilifying racists based on their race. The value-of-a-person-is-based-on-their-ancestry notion must DIE. It is the source of most of the great -- differentiate what we all know that there is a dominant gene and a recessive gene and the dominant gene expresses itself to wear when two races makes the dominant gene expresses it takes seven generations of watering down black genetics in order to have .7 white The white race is shrinking because of race mixing because there’s never to this day been known a white child born from a union with a black person unless of -- protect our country are NOT racists. That includes me. I judge people on their belief systems and what they DO…not on their color, or their race. That means nothing. But those who hate us and want to harm us are not welcome here…those laws have been on the books for decades,they -- this article has narrative, and is lying to you. Racial differences are largely caused by genetics- not environment. Considerable differences in traits exist between races and ethnicities within those races. Reply 1. -- black box recombinant genome mapping. If you do not agree that there is more variation within ancestral groups (debunked term races) than between them, you do not even comprehend the basics of what we have already learned. My advice, stick to your discipline! -- (((paraphrasing))) As the article clearly stated the far alt-right is obsessed with race, hence the supremacy part. Trump tapped in to that, smartly so, and therefore he got the votes. Now, the issues of white “supremacy” (far alt right) and white “privilege” (far radical left) are in my opinion superfluous. Also, if a person can brown pride or black pride, than they also can white pride. Personally, I think race or skin color pride of any variety is silly, and possibly racist. I’m hispanic, which is my culture/ethnicity and proud of that heritage. Of course, -- Scott says: November 27, 2019 at 5:15 pm The Left is more-so obsessed with race, from all that I’ve noticed over the decades to the present. Reply -- Clive Griffin says: June 3, 2020 at 5:09 am Changing the use of the word ‘race’ to ‘ancestry’ might well be counter productive- one should be careful changing names to attain a goal. The word ‘gay’ was given new meaning in the -- the truth from being found. Other than that ancestry is the word that people fear the most because without it you only have the race argument. Reply 12. -- September 24, 2020 at 12:20 pm Bru. ALL Races/subspecies start somewhere, diverge geographically, and then INEVITABLY Drift apart. You obviously don’t even know how EVOLUTION/speciation works. -- what’s happened. Our army has been used to fight your wars.our college taken over. Guilted like we have no right to be left alone. Like every other race who wants left alone. Reply 15. Paul moore says: January 8, 2021 at 8:46 am There is most definitely a difference between the races, just as there’s a difference between dog breeds. You may use the argument that all dogs share 99.99999% of their DNA traits, -- ideological predispositions. You have skirted over well measured and extensively conducted experiments showing average differences among races or “ancestral clusterings”. You link to an Atlantic article (which further attempts to obscure these findings) claiming it as evidence that science has not found differences in -- the ability to add important moral interpretations to the findings? Hmmm (scratching my head)…I love circular logic. 6) You’ve stolen the name of a renowned IQ and race psychologist, who died in 2012. Either you are his son, or a wanna-be thief. -- male. 2) You’re clearly familiar with another white male’s work from the 60’s that supported IQ and race. 3) You’re a threatened older, white male. Thank goodness your 1960’s view of IQ and race is a dying one. Sincerely Yours, A Young and Genetically-Diverse, White-Looking Female (under -- Aaron says: November 16, 2017 at 8:20 pm Race is not a real thing yet you bring up what you perceive to be the person’s ‘race’ based on thoughts expressed via his comment, ie he thinks this way so his skin must be this colour. -- their skin( which you have done) or you do think that a person’s thoughts and actions ARE contolled by their ‘race’( which you expressed), thus disagree with the findings that what we call race is nothing more then the same as the difference in hair or eye colour. Reply -- also, you left out the possibility he is my high school shop teacher when you wrote “6) You’ve stolen the name of a renowned IQ and race psychologist, who died in 2012. Either you are his son, or a wanna-be thief.” you are most likely correct but it is a pretty common name. -- and “3) You’re a threatened older, white male. Thank goodness your 1960’s view of IQ and race is a dying one.” hey! I’M a threatened older, white male. well, not that threatened and not sure how white i am (orphan) but most people would say that the 1960’s were the beginnings of liberal thinking about race. (forget about IQ. the test is only as good as its questions). whew! all that being said, i think we are on the same -- Lou Boliou says: July 30, 2019 at 6:22 pm If race is a “social construct” then the adaptive processes of evolution with isolated human populations over long periods of time In differing geological -- they did not choose to be white, black, Hispanic or arab. God(Allah)chose it for them and they should be grateful that their ethnicity (race dosent exist) was chosen by god. When your in judgement day god doesn’t look at your ethnicity, your hair what job you had, he’s just gonna -- Indeed, this article is rubbish. It’s funny how far the author attempts to undermine how race evolved, relative to region. I sometimes wonder if the trait of overdeveloped skin melamine was of natural consequence, due to some -- Still, despite all their “shortcomings”, blacks managed to climb onto WWII figthers (Tuskegee airmen) and wiped the asses of the “superior aryan race” even when “whites” had decreed that “blacks” could not learn how to fly I saw a group of those veterans at a Walmart supermarket -- fighting to defend miserable white supremacists https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/05/why- people-keep-misunderstanding-the-connection-between-race- and-iq/275876/ Reply -- MENSA in the top 2% in about 8 different ways. I have met similarly intelligent people who are labelled as other races. I have two points that the vast majority of the comments seem to ignore. 1) We are much more alike than we are different. The -- capacity – number crunching (CPU), Knowledge (Raw Data), and Creativity (Software). Even assuming a particular race is better at a particular one of these doesn’t make it likely it would be good at all of them. Even if a particular race is good at all of them doesn’t help because Intelligence Wisdom. Applying Intelligence to Understanding and Experience leads to Wisdom. Not a lot -- December 9, 2018 at 2:34 am pretty biased. “However, unlike the term “race,” it focuses on understanding how a person’s history unfolded, not how they fit into one category and not another. In a clinical setting, for instance, -- African” or “Northern European” descent, respectively, rather than in those who are “black” or “white”.” this is not proof that “race is a social construct”. you’re really saying that science has proved race has a basis in genetics and is much more than a social construct but scientists have switched to more PC language like ‘ancestry’, ‘african’ and ‘european’. also most old theories on race didn’t divide the population into 5 categories, they were more nuanced and recognized differences between people of different regions within each -- Karl says: October 28, 2017 at 2:07 pm “However, even if scientists agree that race is, at most, a social construct ” define what social construct, its a vague term -- false, this comes from old study, its actually 99.5% “In the biological and social sciences, the consensus is clear: race is a social construct” actual study showing scientists opinion on that? my sources say its not true -- SITNFlash says: October 30, 2017 at 9:38 pm scientists’ opinion on race as biological vs social: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6273/564 definition of social construct: -- December 9, 2018 at 2:42 am ‘consensus’ is meaningless in a culture where people who believe in race are scared to express their opinion. the fact that people adapted to different environments causing genetic variation means race is real and not a social construct. it’s a strawman argument. no racist ever claimed there was no variation within races or that there was no nuance to it. this is why racists would call italians black because they recognized that the differences are based on geography not political borders. “race isn’t real because race is nuanced and everything that is real about race we’re just renaming ancestry” Reply 2. -- enslaved, raped, used to produce children etc. Middle East, European, Irish taken sold, etc. and so on. All races ages all over world have been hung, beaten, whipped, shot etc. since last admin. BO the hate, race issues have soared along with divide. Destroyed a lot cost nations billions damages, over time LEO,military etc. LEO targeted killed, injured their families, homes cars set fire, and so on. Others set ppl up posting false flyers, false threats etc. while other groups actually were sending race threats, ? Religious groups Farrakhan was one. Then 2more grps left creates again that are about hate of one race. Seeing hearing it from man in Middle eat that the CIA finally took out because gov finally listened! Yrs to -- al know. Whole communities from Middle East, somilia moves into other places. BO remarks once or more were to deplete the main race more less. NWo take our freedom rights religions of us all. Exact revenge control. So many with false fake guilt. Many took their lives! Told -- much of the lefts political platform? Is a LIE! Democrats seem to think only thing they can do? Talk about, work sleep is on a race issue? Never values, policies for all Americans, anything for all Americans. It’s been illegals or one other democrats have focused on for 14 years now. -- literally told kids to go home what heard parents say certain things? Go back report at schools so on. Not abuse, drugs etc. but race. Democrats won’t atop supporting that party And the we came from apes? Then my ? Is why hasn’t any -- August 4, 2020 at 3:35 am I would like to say I am so tired and disgusted with the race issue. We are all the same HOMOSAPIEN. The bible does not clearly state that it is a sin to marry outside your race. Sure in Ezra and Nehemiah it does talk about it how they broke peoples relationships up but it doesn’t say its a sin and to not marry outside your race it doesn’t say it! If mixing causes birth deformity and other abnormal stuff how come it doesn’t happen every single time then??? Why are there many same race couples out there who have that problem then???? That’s what really ticks me off about people and makes me so -- understanding of genetics mind you. Yes i always wondered if skin colour was actual genes or not, but having known many ppl of differing ‘race’ that shared simular culture, i instictivly knew that it was not colour that made a person, any more the hair colour. In fact it is stated by this piece that it is the same -- article. The mention of Trump so often in amazing. The mention of the Alt-Right is understandable, though scientificly irrelivent, as there is disccusion of their beliefs in regard to race, but the shoe-horning in of the name ‘Trump’ makes it look like a propagana piece made purely to make ppl think Trump = Racist. Whether true or -- should not mix. PS i am not a supporter ot Trump but AM a supporter of logic and reason. And on the subjuct of the Alt-Right and their views on race and what makes a person a certain race, all true from what i have heard them say, but it is amazing that no mention of the Alt-Left was made, as they hold many of the same views, ie that your skin colour is the only thing that determines your identity. That their views on what of genetics makes a human the type of person they are is based on erronous ideas. To the Alt-Left, race is not a social construct, and like the Alt-Right, the Alt-Left insists that skin colour determins the behaviour, thoughts and actions of a person, -- November 16, 2017 at 8:25 pm NB. When saying “…the subjuct of the Alt-Right and their views on race and what makes a person a certain race, all true from what i have heard them say.” I mean that the fact that it is true that this is their views, not that I agree that their -- I cant fully view 1st link because i need to pay for membership, i need survey of scientist that show consesus that humans dont have races, i havent found such survey yet in fact chinese are the only ones who have consesus that race exist. Look up paper by googling: ” On the Concept of Race in Chinese Biological Anthropology: Alive and well” Also by definition entire taxonomy is a social construct. -- grain of salt. The way i see it is, yes there is this thing we recognise as race, in that there is high physical characteristics shared by groups of ppl due to many thousands of years of close group breeding, but the actual differences amount, in ppl of differing races, to about the same as hair or eye colour. Basically, seeing a black or asian or white as being different, seperate or not the same is like saying a blonde, -- really since that was one of the ideas of the Third Riech. But at the end of the day, the only real differences between the races, a part from the few physicalogical medical things, is the culture you are brought up in. Being of asian decent does not make you practice asian traditions if you are not -- right. Your ‘soul’ does not ‘call out’ to your roots, for your roots are where you grew up, not something based on skin colour ir race. Your race does not make you more similar to another of the same race on the basis of race. Nor does your race make you different from another of a different race. Well, that’s how i see it Reply -- Scott says: September 11, 2019 at 12:40 am Race is a collective morphological characteristics recognizance/categorization. Race is based on total collective morphology of an individual, in relation with people of similar individual collective morphology. -- You are wrong. We are not more similar than different.We are completely similar. We are essentially genetically alike and there are no separate races. Skin color means nothing.Its just more visible than other minimal differences Reply -- Had to laugh at the implication in the first paragraph that the election of Donald Trump is in and of itself that somehow is an indication that race issues are getting worse. That was as far as I got so can’t speak to the rest of the piece. Reply -- Harrison Morse says: April 5, 2018 at 4:29 pm Actually, races are quite different, and regretebly, unequal in many areas. To say we have 90-something percent the same of anything is simply a bad argument, we’re 98% water but nobody says we’re water. We’re 97% genetically the same as chimps, yet nobody says we’re chimps. Races differ in iQ, average physical strength, even life expectancy. iQ has proven an effective predictor of financial success in America, which is the basis of MODERN racial tensions (lack of consistent oppurtunity among all races.) The problem isnt people’s iQ though, it’s the college system. But that’s another discussion. My sources are highlighted in this article http://aristocratsofthesoul.com/average-iq-by-race-and-ethnicity/ Reply 16. Scott says: June 11, 2018 at 6:43 pm Races is general term. Races are historically regionally distinctive historically indigenous lineages which are simultaneously and nearly exclusively within distinctively -- something is undesirable. So it’s a vague, loaded and often mis-used term we should just keep out of science. Where I live we don’t use the word “race”, but we still have the ability to convey meaningful descriptions for groups of people based on their ethnicity. Maybe we aren’t as afraid of difference as this author -- chemistry,astronomy an so on thousands of years later than other tribes. That doesn’t make one tribe better than the next but it does stop the ( TRUE LIES) of race that was constructed by a people who were late to what we call civilizations. Why is most of the so called scientists from France /Germany and Russia what about the rest of so called EUROPE ? We must face reality we bleed the same blood and if you need a transfusion or a transplant the last thing you’re going to ask “is that from my race”- Be Blessed (WE R ONE) wish you all HEALTH AND WEALTH ☝🏾 Reply -- December 3, 2018 at 7:39 pm It’s actually quite difficult (almost impossible) for mixed-race people to get certain types of transplants due to their genetic uniqueness. Reply -- Cee says: May 20, 2019 at 6:10 pm It’s not about race Some of your own family can’t give you an organ donation. Plus a mixed race doesn’t exist Reply 1. bob says: June 11, 2019 at 12:20 pm Could you expand on your mixed race don’t exist comment? Reply -- three decades. Would it not be a step in the right direction to keep the same group names to which we are accustomed, but rather than calling them “Race” categories, refer to them as “Ethnic Branch” categories (or something along that line)? In this way, we can envision our individual branches as part of the same Human -- October 31, 2018 at 2:24 am This article started as utter idiocy. It doesn’t take much intelligence to figure out that the oldest race in the world is the negro race. Any well-read person knows that. While all of you would love to stir up racial issues, the fact remains, we are all related. Those of us who embraced God at an early age know that already. Those of you who embrace atheism don’t understand the idea of all of us coming from the first homo sapiens. And, guess what? They were negroes. So what? This idea of any race being superior or inferior is ridiculous! The atheist professors, the socialist ideology want to divide us with non-issues or what should be -- “Muh racism!” It might be a fraction of a percent genetic difference, but there are real and measurable differences between races. Specific diseases in abnormally large numbers, physical and mental abilities, appearance differences. These are not imaginary, and it -- That’s why most of our friends look like us. (You rarely see a hug-a-rainbow mixture of colours and creeds with social groups.) You can wish away race and racism all you like, but if we really had so much in common, we wouldn’t have such a huge difference in culture between different races, often even within the same country. Reply -- Alice Lamm says: November 11, 2018 at 10:45 am I wanted information about the genetics of races not a political diatribe about people who don’t back the left-wing terrorist movement. -- MASS-BRAINWASHING says: November 28, 2018 at 5:50 pm I find anyone, group, organization etc using the term “race” rather than ETHNICITY looses alot of credibility. Reply -- December 5, 2018 at 9:19 pm I was googling scientific data, “surprisingly ” this was the top of the list on genetics and race. Reading a few paragraphs, I see why… The left wing brain wash is clear. For the love of every scientific thing you believe in, why the heck start out with a politicized -- peter cullen says: December 27, 2020 at 1:49 pm i like darwins quote about, white is not a race. it is but a colour. i wonder if you are my white race or another type of white race. i am thinking about what kind of invader to britain would you be. jutes. i think they are so different to me. saxons. i believe i am viking. i -- January 30, 2019 at 6:07 pm How can anyone call it social construct when the difference is there and even the writer who is strongly persuaded that race is a social construct admits it is there by his awesome genetics researches, because normal people with brain and functioning eyes can obviously determine person race even without those researches. There, the author of this article may argue with me that color, shape of eyes, noses and differences like that are also social -- considers approximately 0.1% “mere”, but does he realize that average genetic difference between two humans, that could be selected of all socially constructed races is approximately 0.2% and that a mean differences of two species in class of mammals approximately 0.4%? Also I would like to know if the 0.1% is average difference between the races, because according to textbooks I was learning science in high school in my home country, there were just three races, Indians were in same group like Asians, because, according to the book Indians are almost the same like them and they came from them because they got to America obviously through Kamchatka. Unluckily, I don’t remember a mention of Oceanian race, though if the probable small difference between those two races was used to make the mean diference between the races, it really had to lower it down and skew the difference between of example Blacks and Asians. Sorry for my English, it isn’t my native language, though I am -- should we start living on Mars alone? So what if Blacks are inferior, should we put them all in cages to prove a point? I mean, the race debate is endless-just evaluate each person individually and you will find there is more to life than stupid debates on who has blue eyes and who doesn’t. Thank you! -- people than myself to articulate the full wrongness of this article (in everything but the science) but suffice to say, ordinary people are waking up to race baiting trouble makers like Vivian Chou . From what I’ve seen / read, Donald Trump has done tremendous things for the Jewish and black communities since his coming to power. -- Basis of our society should be equal access to opportunity but not outcomes. This shows research demonstrates why. When we find disparities between races at a societal level that could be a reflection of genetic differences. But on an individual level, people with the same abilities should be given the same opportunities, regardless of race or gender. Because the next Einstein could be a woman of African descent, though it’s more likely he’ll be an East Asian man. -- that 0.01% can make someone look entirely different to another. A better argument for your cause would probably have been, yes races are different but so what? The differences between cultures and how they interact with each other in a global society is a much more relevant and practical -- The differences is visual Not genetic, is all this article is explaining. So humans being grouped into race because of how they look 👀 Is social construct. Your genes didn’t determine what group your in, society did that. -- September 1, 2019 at 3:20 pm The morphological differences are due to genetic-biological differences. Races are historically regionally distinctive historically indigenous lineages, and which were largely separate from other historically -- Luis says: April 14, 2019 at 6:45 am It appears that the white race is the last edition of man kind, and their features are the dominant features of future generations. Descendants of white and black people starts to produce generations -- enrolled. The only real skill gained is how to be a highly polished professional liar. Human skulls from different races look notably different, for crying out loud. You can identify race from skeletal structure. But if you have graduated from Harvard, you will gain the ability to state with great confidence that all of this is the result only of -- Core statements of this article like “The few differences that do exist reflect differences in environments and external factors, not core biology.” and “race is a social construct, not a biological attribute” are scientific inaccurate. You don’t need a Ph.D to know that many racial attributes, e.g. skin, eye, hair colors, are -- No they are not Go check others scientist speaking on Race not being biological Reply 42. -- of scientist that give you proof . And there is a paper on the human genome. This is old news.. people can’t accept facts because the race titles brainwashing is to deep and they re comfortable with their fake identity society gave em. Reply -- FACT: Racism came back in style big time with Obama, not Trump, and was ridiculously augmented by the liberal left lunatics in the lamestream media pushing the race card everywhere all the time. Trump inherited the Obama revival of racism legacy. Reply -- April 10, 2020 at 4:02 am Exactly, it is under Obama that they went completely nuts with race baiting and racism against whites. And then you get Obama’s mosque speech, which was so horrible that I couldn’t believe what I was hearing. -- Kim Andersen says: June 2, 2019 at 4:51 am Thats not even the five races what are you talking about. Terrible text. Reply -- This is a blatant misrepresentation of the facts. It is a noble lie, but a lie nonetheless. Geneticists can now accurately determine the race of an individual. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1893020/#bib1 This is not to say that race is not a social construct… but that is a very vague explanation. That we put a shade of one color in blue and not purple is also a social construct in the same sense. -- HUMAN!- WOW! what a thought! I have adopted this as my new Social, Political description that I want to be called. Soooo can the arguing stop now? Can the hate toward ANY race stop now??!! Reply -- Dally Silvana Espejo says: January 15, 2020 at 2:58 pm one thing is for sure, STUPIDITY is shared among “RACES”, big and small skulls seem to handle it effectively and efficiently. Reply -- January 21, 2020 at 7:46 am I was raised in Australia which is home to many people from different countries and races. Here, the “white man” rules the place and racism is rife. I know this because Ive spent time in other countries and I think -- & Scotland, Germanic Europe, England, Wales, North Western Europe). To me when I look at both sides of my family and when I see other races I do believe that some races are more evolved or developed than others. Please dont try to convince me that my Mum’s race is as developed as Dad’s. All the Maori’s that are succeeding today are either mixed with European heritage or barely have Maori in them at all. Its not to criticise Mums race at all but Im tired of all this politically correct rubbish. Yes of course there are the odd exceptions here and there. Chinese people tend to be academically smart, whats wrong with stating an obvious fact? I really dont like how you get white or brown/black people who sit there pretending they are oh so open minded about races, lets love and accept each other etc. Theyre just trying to appear open minded and inclusive because it makes them look good. What does love and acceptance have to do with the fact that we are different?The problem though is that the “white man” has used his intelligence to harm other races (mine included). The Aboriginals here in Australia have suffered greatly and still do today at the hands of white people who implement racist laws. My people, the Maori have had an easier time because they fought back and a treaty was made. The defenceless Aboriginals had no chance at all. You cannot deny that some races are more evolved or developed than others, you only need to see the physical features and behaviour of different races to know that Reply -- Continuing from my previous post above…….It’s really simple, white people are more intelligent than the darker skinned races. Its a fact. The brown/black races dont want to accept this fact so the only thing they can talk about is how they are discriminated against because of their race. And yes white people have harmed certain races, how? By forcing them to integrate into white society and pretending they are equal. Then when those races find it difficult to fit into a society that is not part of their cultural heritage they are treated like they are hopeless or not good enough or whatever. No. Its -- best thing that could happen is stop lying about how we’re all equal, and work with each other to make the world a more peaceful place. That means accepting our differences as races and encouraging people to be the best they can be within their own race Reply 2. -- people think, the way they treat each other and how they deal with things in general. I lived around this particular race for long enough to notice a lot about them. And no I dont believe its just a result of lack of education or whatever, its their racial characteristics. To this day my children are still seen as somehow defected because their mother isnt “Pakistani’. You cant measure races purely by IQ or education level, its the behaviour, the mentality, the way people think and reason. Being educated is one thing, the way you behave -- the fact that they are how they are (maori and tribal like) which from my observation is definitely linked to genes and race. My sister and I were born in the 70’s in Australia so we have had no real cultural Italian (from north east Italy) or Maori -- terms of the fact that she and I hv never really been close. Its not because we have different personalities, no, its 100% linked to our race(s) and the genes that we inherited from our parents. Genetic differences do come out in mixed race people such as my sister and I, so what better example could you get that not all races are the same? Equal yes as human beings, but in terms of race, some races are more “advanced” or “evolved” than others even when you take into account environmental factors and education level etc. My sister is -- January 30, 2020 at 3:23 pm I have enjoyed reading this article. I still believe that Human is the race. Then it is devided into subsections of origen. The only difference between us is the preparations made by the -- Ooooh yes! Why is Trump mentioned in your article as a wink wink racist? He has not been outspoken over any so called race. What he was outspoken about, was people promoting racism. I personally think that him and his members, have done more good -- Kim Musila says: April 15, 2020 at 1:55 am The relationship between race and genetics is relevant to the controversy concerning race classification. In everyday life, many societies classify populations into groups based on phenotypical traits and impressions of probable geographic ancestry and cultural identity—these are the groups usually called “races” in countries like the United States, Brazil, and South Africa. Reply -- Derek Elliott says: May 4, 2020 at 9:10 am Anyone who says race is a social construct should be ashamed to be a scientist. There are measurable differences between the races, and those differences developed from natural selection in the region where that race evolved. To ignore this scientific fact is to ignore the truth. To say this is akin to saying there are no dog breeds merely dogs, that all dogs are exactly the same breed and -- stories to please everybody rather than report the actual facts. You dont need a study to see that there are differences between races. White people are more intelligent (or whatever you want to call it) overall. I am mixed race (white father, Polynesian mother) and Im sorry people might not want to hear it but its the truth. Im not offended on behalf of myself, my mum or the race I am (being Polynesian), Im just going by my own experiences living around my own family and seeing the differences in how both sides of my family behave, think and -- end. Too many cultural/racial differences between them. To this day I still hv to listen to one side of the family bagging out the other and yes race always comes into it. Mums family look at Dads family as being “up themselves” and behaving as if theyre better when actually they are just being themselves (not tribal). And sorry but when I compare the two, the white side of my family do behave think and deal with things better. Why? Because obviously as a race they are more evolved Reply -- pete says: May 29, 2020 at 7:19 pm but the white man birth race, racism and racial anthropology into the world…he’s now going back and saying theres no such thing as race…he even put race in the Bible…saying Noah’s 3 sons, Shem, Ham and Japheth are the 3 specific races…Ham negroid, Japheth caucasoid and Shem mongoloid….but then he goes back and change it saying, Shem is caucasoid because Jesus is out of his lineage due to saying Jesus was white…now we have 2 white brothers and one black…guess noah and his wife had son’s of 2 different races since they were white as well…but there is a problem…the Bible dont speak of Asians, hispanics, india indians, middle easterners nor polynesians….i see people are trying to life starting in asia…the first kindoms of asia were black people…i dont agree with race but since we are ear deep in it due to white supremacy, now white folks want to throw loop…if life began in africa by the standards of adam -- Disappointing that a Harvard publication is leftis-political yet published as science Q: Why are some obsessed with talking down races within humans but not for plants or horses/ dogs/ cats etc which are clearly dpoken positively about races? Reply 64. -- Joe Feinour says: June 17, 2020 at 9:23 am There is only one race. The human race. Reply 69. -- a particular eye colour for their in law. Oh, the Nazi’s might have done. You see, everyone seeks to be divisive. It is no surprise that race and racism is a human creation. Reply -- all citizens. Fact, no person is more or less important or worthy to enjoy the rights and privileges guaranteed by my country’s constitution. In my belief system there is no race, religion, culture or economic status that takes precedence and we are richer for our diversity. -- Here’s a Inferiority based *Question* for any person that considers themselves quote on quote ” White ” .. Here Goes : What’s up with the White races Birth Rate. Globally .. ?? I’ll wait Reply 74. -- the racial conflicts we see today. Before Obama, there was little conflict that involved racism, and our country was not divided over race or history. Reply 75. -- scientist have been misleading us for years, first they said we evolve from baboon, so called äpes, even if it is not true, but let say it is true, that means white people came from a Black race, because there is never a baboon that is white, that means white people came from us. ok here is the real truth The real Truth is we all descendent of Adam, Adam was first man that GOD Made, so if Adam was white, a black race would be non-existence, because a white person cannot give birth to a Black person, but a black person can give birth to a Light skinned -- August 24, 2020 at 10:24 am Stop using the wrong word, Racism! As scientists we know that there is ONE human race! As Homo sapiens we all share the same 99.99% DNA and that only 0.01% makes us unique individuals. What is being referred to as racism is actually -- Cyndy Van DusenTrippel says: September 23, 2020 at 2:35 pm I wanted to find out information about the true meaning of “race” versus “ethnicity”. I didn’t even bother to read the article. The opening rant against President Trump presented a potential bias in -- Taxonomy26 says: September 24, 2020 at 12:28 pm The author uses THEE most Basic LIE seen in Race denial articles. The old “99.9%”. Which is FALSE. -- Wikipedia (Human genetic variation), now uses 99.5% as the avg. Of course, with Chimps at 98.6% the same, that leaves Plenty of room for race/subspecies that obviously do exist. And there are plenty of other ERRORS and rationalizations. Should Ms Chu wish to debate.. make my day. -- create images of ourselves with our imagination to compensate. Now obviously two wrongs don’t make a right if you offend one side they will protect their ego and reciprocate , race is dumb the article states it ,when you stop thinking about yourself and treat others ,no matter who they are ,like you like to be treated to a T thats when these race problems will end quit ruining articles like this with silly laymans babble about white or black your Americans we are the mightiest nation on earth for goodness sakes let’s treat -- Sasha says: October 30, 2020 at 9:29 am There’s only one race, THE HUMAN RACE Reply 1. -- John Gabbana says: November 17, 2020 at 1:44 pm It’s insane how much americans are still osessed with “race”. You’re the nation with the most soft power so if the rest of the world goes to shit because it’s influenced by your crazy bullshit -- Sujay Rao Mandavilli says: January 9, 2021 at 9:07 pm There is no such thing as static race, with modern anthropologists talking about clines and continuously varying morphological gradations. Also dividing humans into Caucasian, Mongliod and Negroid is wrong. There are wide variations in appearance among Africans. We should be talking about Ethnobiological identity, nor race. We have concepts such as sexual selection and social selection, and identitities can change over time. A visit to India will reaffirm that different types of people have got mixed up over