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The United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union Part of a series of articles on Brexit EU-Austritt (47521165961).svg -- * Bloomberg speech * Project Fear * Brexit: The Movie * In or Out * 2013–14 EU (Referendum) Bill (unsuccessful) -- Withdrawal agreement * Brexit divorce bill * Irish backstop * No-deal Brexit * Continuing United Kingdom relationship with the European Union -- * Other organisations + Best for Britain + Bollocks to Brexit + Change UK + Liberal Democrats -- Article 50 invoked Mar 2017 2017 general election Jun 2017 Brexit negotiations begin Jun 2017 Withdrawal Act passed Jun 2018 Chequers plan presented Jul 2018 Withdrawal agreement released Nov 2018 Meaningful votes Jan–Mar 2019 Brexit delayed until 12 April Mar 2019 Cooper–Letwin Act passed Apr 2019 Brexit delayed until 31 October Apr 2019 European Parliament election May 2019 Boris Johnson becomes PM Jul 2019 -- Benn Act passed Sep 2019 Withdrawal agreement revised Oct 2019 Brexit delayed until 31 January Oct 2019 2019 general election Dec 2019 Agreement Act passed Jan 2020 -- + Britain Stronger in Europe * Notification of withdrawal * Brexit negotiations * Impact of Brexit * Future relationship + Withdrawal agreement + No-deal Brexit + The Irish border * Parliamentary votes -- * e Brexit (/ˈbrɛksɪt, ˈbrɛɡzɪt/;^[1] a portmanteau of "British exit") was the withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom) at the end -- transition period on 31 December 2020 CET. The effects of Brexit will be determined by the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement which was agreed on 24 December 2020 and ratified by the UK Parliament on 30 December 2020 and was “provisionsly” applied by the EU from the 31 December 2020.^[2] The broad consensus among economists is that Brexit will likely harm the UK's economy and reduce its real per capita income in the long term, and that the referendum itself damaged the economy.^[a]^[excessive citations] Brexit is likely to reduce immigration from European Economic Area (EEA) countries to the UK, and poses challenges for British higher education, academic research and security. Following Brexit, EU law and the EU Court of Justice no longer have supremacy over British laws or its Supreme Court. The European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 retains relevant EU law -- Timeline Main article: Timeline of Brexit New EU single market -- Minister David Cameron resigned. On 29 March 2017, the new British Government led by Theresa May formally notified the EU of the country's intention to withdraw, beginning the Brexit process. The withdrawal was originally scheduled for 29 March 2019. It was delayed by deadlock in the British Parliament after the June 2017 general election, which -- controls between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The Liberal Democrats, Scottish National Party (SNP), and others sought to reverse Brexit through a proposed second referendum. On 14 March 2019, the British Parliament voted for May to ask the EU to delay Brexit until June, and then later October.^[18] Having failed to get her agreement approved, May resigned as Prime Minister in July and was succeeded by Boris Johnson. He sought to replace parts of the -- Parliament approved the agreement for further scrutiny, but rejected passing it into law before the 31 October deadline, and forced the government (through the "Benn Act") to ask for a third Brexit delay. An early general election was then held on 12 December. The Conservatives won a large majority in that election, with Johnson declaring that the -- Terminology and etymology Main article: Glossary of Brexit terms Following the referendum of 23 June 2016, many new pieces of Brexit-related jargon entered popular use.^[25]^[26] Background: the United Kingdom and EC/EU membership -- Daniel Hannan, who in 1990 founded the Oxford Campaign for Independent Britain; "With hindsight, some see this as the start of the campaign for Brexit", the Financial Times later wrote.^[42] In 1994, Sir James Goldsmith formed the Referendum Party to contest the 1997 general election on a platform of providing a referendum on the nature of the -- Voter demographics and trends Further information: Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit A 2017 study published in Economic Policy showed that the Leave vote -- negotiations;^[96] The Conservative Party, Labour and UKIP made manifesto pledges to implement the referendum, the Labour manifesto differing in its approach to Brexit negotiations, such as unilaterally offering permanent residence to EU immigrants.^[97]^[98]^[99]^[100] The Liberal Democrat Party and the Green Party manifestos proposed a policy of remaining in the EU via a second referendum.^[101]^[102]^[103] The Scottish National Party (SNP) manifesto proposed a policy of waiting for the outcome of the Brexit negotiations and then holding a referendum on Scottish independence.^[104]^[105] The result produced a unexpected hung parliament, the governing Conservatives gained votes -- votes in the House of Commons over the course of the parliament. The agreement included additional funding of £1 billion for Northern Ireland, highlighted mutual support for Brexit and national security, expressed commitment to the Good Friday Agreement, and indicated that policies such as the state pension triple lock and Winter Fuel Payments -- UK–EU negotiations in 2017 and 2018 Main article: Brexit negotiations Prior to the negotiations, May said that the British government would -- keep British access to the single market for goods, but not necessarily for services, while allowing for an independent trade policy.^[124] The plan caused cabinet resignations, including Brexit Secretary David Davis^[125] and Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson.^[126] Draft withdrawal agreement Main article: Brexit withdrawal agreement Wikisource has original text related to this article: -- On 13 November 2018, UK and EU negotiators agreed the text of a draft withdrawal agreement,^[127] and May secured her cabinet's backing of the deal the following day,^[128] though Brexit Secretary Dominic Raab resigned over "fatal flaws" in the agreement.^[129] It was expected that ratification in the British parliament would be -- Attempted ratification Main article: Parliamentary votes on Brexit On 10 December 2018, the Prime Minister postponed the vote in the House of Commons on her Brexit deal. This came minutes after the Prime Minister's Office confirmed the vote would be going ahead.^[133] Faced with the prospect of a defeat in the House of Commons, this option gave -- On 24 February, Prime Minister May proposed that the next vote on the withdrawal agreement would be on 12 March 2019, 17 days away from the Brexit date.^[144] On 12 March, the proposal was defeated by 391 votes to 242—a loss by 149 votes, down from 230 from when the deal had been proposed in January.^[145] -- On 20 March 2019, the Prime Minister wrote to European Council President Tusk requesting that Brexit be postponed until 30 June 2019.^[149] On 21 March 2019, May presented her case to a European Council summit meeting in Brussels. After May left the meeting, a discussion amongst the remaining EU leaders resulted in the rejection of 30 June date and offered instead a choice of two new alternative Brexit dates. On 22 March 2019, the extension options were agreed between the British government and the European Council.^[150] The first alternative offered was that if MPs rejected May's deal in the next week, Brexit would be due to occur by 12 April 2019, with, or without, a deal—or alternatively another extension be asked for and a commitment to participate in the 2019 European Parliament elections given. The second alternative offered was that if MPs approved May's deal, Brexit would be due to occur on 22 May 2019. The later date was the day before the start of European Parliament elections.^[151] After the government deemed unwarranted the concerns over the legality of the -- again requested an extension only until 30 June. Under the terms of this new extension, if the Withdrawal Agreement were to be passed before October, Brexit would occur on the first day of the subsequent month. The UK would then be obligated to hold European Parliament elections in May, or leave the EU on 1 June without a deal.^[156]^[157] -- General Election Act that bypassed the Fixed-term Parliament Act 2011 and called a general election for 12 December 2019.^[168] In the election, Boris Johnson's campaign was focused on "get Brexit done", and the Conservative Party won an 80-seat majority in parliament.^[169] Subsequently, the government introduced a bill to ratify the withdrawal -- as a treaty between the UK and EU depend upon the prior enactment of another act of Parliament for approving the final terms of withdrawal when the current Brexit negotiations are completed. In any event, the act does not alter the two-year period for negotiating allowed by Article 50 that ends at the latest on 29 March 2019 if the UK has not -- report also commented that the role of the devolved legislatures was unclear, and could cause problems, and as many as 15 new additional Brexit Bills may be required, which would involve strict prioritisation and limiting Parliamentary time for in-depth examination of new legislation.^[198] In 2016 and 2017, the House of Lords published a series of reports on Brexit-related subjects, including: * Brexit: the options for trade * Brexit: UK-Irish relations * Brexit: future UK-EU security and police cooperation * Brexit: fisheries * Brexit: environment and climate change * Brexit: the Crown Dependencies * Brexit: justice for families, individuals and businesses? * Brexit: trade in non-financial services Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018 -- to revoke Article 50, while the SNP intended to hold a second referendum, however, revoking Article 50 if the alternative was a no-deal exit. The DUP supported Brexit, but would seek to change parts related to Northern Ireland it was dissatisfied with. Plaid Cymru and the Green Party backed a second referendum, believing the UK should stay in the EU. The Brexit Party was the only major party running for election which wanted the UK to leave the EU without a deal.^[202] -- Last update: October 2019 (March 2020) Opinion polling overall showed an initial fall in support for Brexit from the referendum to late 2016, when responses were split evenly between support and opposition. Support rose again to a plurality, which held until the 2017 general election. Since then, opinion polls tended to show a plurality of support for remaining in the EU or for the view that Brexit was a mistake, with the estimated margin increasing until a small decrease in 2019 (to 53% Remain : 47% Leave, as of October 2019^[update]).^[203] This seems to be largely due to a -- House After the Brexit referendum, the Scottish Government — led by the Scottish National Party (SNP) — planned another independence referendum because Scotland voted to remain in the EU while England and Wales voted to leave.^[209] It had suggested this before the Brexit referendum.^[210] The First Minister of Scotland, Nicola Sturgeon, requested a referendum be held before the UK's withdrawal, but the -- Continuity Bill.^[215] This was passed by stalling negotiations between the Scottish Government and the British Government on where powers within devolved policy areas should lie after Brexit. The Act allows for all devolved policy areas to remain within the remit of the Scottish Parliament and reduces the executive power upon exit day that -- No-deal planning See also: No-deal Brexit and Operation Yellowhammer On 19 December 2018, the EU Commission revealed its "no-deal" -- then Secretary of State for International Trade Liam Fox. In March 2019, the British government announced that it would cut many import tariffs to zero, in the event of a no-deal Brexit.^[222] The Confederation of British Industry said the move would be a "sledgehammer for our economy",^[223]^[224]^[225] and the National -- On 2 June 2020, Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel stated that the European Union must prepare for the possible failure of Brexit trade talks with the UK. She added that negotiations were being accelerated to try and reach a deal that could be ratified by the end of the year. -- There has been litigation to explore the constitutional footings on which Brexit stands after R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union (simply known as the "Miller case") and the 2017 Notification Act: -- Impact Main article: Impact of Brexit Many effects of Brexit depended on whether the UK left with a withdrawal agreement, or before an agreement was ratified ("no-deal" Brexit).^[242] The Financial Times said that there were approximately 759 international agreements, spanning 168 non-EU countries, that the UK would no longer have been a party to upon leaving the EU.^[243] -- in km/h (Northern Ireland uses mph). Economists expect that Brexit will have damaging immediate and longer term effects on the economies of the UK and at least part of the EU27. In particular, there is a broad consensus among economists and in the economic literature that Brexit will likely reduce the UK's real per capita income in the medium and long term, and that the Brexit referendum itself damaged the economy.^[b]^[244]^[245] Studies found that Brexit-induced uncertainty reduced British GDP, British national income, investment by business, employment and British international trade from June 2016 onwards.^[246]^[247]^[248]^[249]^[250]^[251] In October 2017, Chris Patten described Brexit as "the single most calamitous example of national self-harm in my lifetime." ^[252] A 2019 analysis found that British firms substantially increased offshoring to the EU after the Brexit referendum, whereas European firms reduced new investments in the UK.^[253]^[254] The British government's own Brexit analysis, leaked in January 2018, showed that British economic growth would be stunted by 2–8% over the 15 years following Brexit, the amount depending on the leave scenario.^[255]^[256] Economists warned that London's future as an international financial centre depended on passport agreements with the EU.^[257]^[258] Pro-Brexit activists and politicians have argued for negotiating trade and migration agreements with the "CANZUK" countries—those of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom^[259]^[260]—but economists have said that trade deals with those countries would be far less valuable to the UK than EU membership.^[261]^[262]^[263] Studies indicate that Brexit will exacerbate regional economic inequality in the UK, as already struggling regions will be hardest hit by Brexit.^[264] The potential impact on the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland has been a contentious issue. Since 2005, the border has been essentially invisible.^[265] After Brexit, it will be the only UK–EU land border.^[266] All involved parties agree a hard border should be avoided,^[267] as it might compromise the Good Friday -- withdrawal agreement, but was replaced in the revised agreement.^[163] Brexit caused the European Union to lose its second-largest economy, its third-most populous country,^[272] and the second-largest net contributor to the EU budget.^[273] Brexit will result in an additional financial burden for the remaining net contributors, unless the budget is reduced accordingly. The UK will no longer be a shareholder in the -- liberal UK will reduce the ability of remaining economically liberal countries to block measures in the Council of the EU.^[275]^[276] In 2019, ahead of Brexit, the European Medicines Agency and European Banking Authority moved their headquarters from London to Amsterdam and Paris, respectively.^[277]^[278]^[279] After Brexit, the UK will leave the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP),^[280] which provides government financial support to farmers in the EU.^[281] The UK receives much less than it contributes.^[281] Brexit allows the UK to develop its own agriculture policy.^[282] The current UK government has committed to maintaining the same payments to farmers until the end of the current parliament, even without a -- Gibraltar, a British Overseas Territory bordering Spain, will be affected by Brexit. Spain asserts a territorial claim on Gibraltar. After the referendum, Spain's Foreign Minister renewed calls for joint Spanish–British control.^[289] In late 2018, the British and Spanish governments agreed that any dispute over Gibraltar would not affect Brexit negotiations,^[290] and the British government agreed that UK–EU treaties made after Brexit would not automatically apply to Gibraltar.^[291] Brexit poses challenges to British academia and research, as the UK is likely to lose research funding from EU sources; see a reduction in students from the EU; find it harder to hire researchers from the EU; -- EU.^[292] The UK is currently a member of the European Research Area and likely to wish to remain an associated member following Brexit.^[293] The British government has guaranteed funding for research currently funded by EU.^[294] An early 2019 study found that Brexit would deplete the National Health Service (NHS) workforce, create uncertainties regarding care for British nationals living in the EU, and put at risk access to vaccines, equipment, and medicines.^[295] The Department of Health and Social Care has said it has taken steps to ensure the continuity of medical supplies after Brexit.^[296] The number of non-British EU nurses registering with the NHS fell from 1,304 in July 2016 to 46 in April 2017.^[297] After Brexit, the UK will have the final say over the laws that govern it.^[298] Under the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, EU laws will no longer have supremacy over British laws after Brexit.^[299] To maintain continuity, the Act converts EU law into British law as "retained EU law". After Brexit, the British parliament (and the devolved legislatures) can decide which elements of that law to keep, amend or repeal.^[299] Furthermore, British courts will no longer be bound by the judgments of the EU Court of Justice after Brexit. After Brexit, the UK would be able to control immigration from the EU and EEA,^[300] as it can end EU freedom of movement. The current British government intends to replace it with a new system. The government's 2018 white paper proposes a "skills-based immigration system" that prioritizes skilled migrants. EU and EEA citizens already living in the UK can continue living there after Brexit by applying to the EU Settlement Scheme, which began in March 2019. Irish citizens will not have to apply to the scheme.^[301]^[302]^[303] Studies estimate that Brexit and the end of free movement will likely result in a large decline in immigration from EEA countries to the UK.^[304]^[305] After Brexit, any foreigner wanting to do so more than temporarily would need a work permit.^[306]^[307] -- the European mainland have been established.^[310] As of August 2020^[update], the government's Goods Vehicle Movement Service, an IT system essential to post-Brexit goods movements, was still only in the early stages of beta testing, with four months to go before it is required to be operation.^[311] Concerns have been raised that Brexit might create security problems for the UK, particularly in law enforcement and counter-terrorism where the UK could use the EU's databases on individuals crossing the British -- Cultural references Main article: Brexit in popular culture Brexit has inspired many creative works, such as murals, sculptures, novels, plays, movies and video games. The response of British artists and writers to Brexit has in general been negative, reflecting a reported overwhelming percentage of people involved in Britain's creative industries voting against leaving the European Union.^[313] * Anti-Brexit protest in Manchester (2017) * Düsseldorf carnival parade in February 2018 -- * Multi-speed Europe * Interpretation of EU Treaty law by European Court of Justice * Opposition to Brexit in the United Kingdom * Referendums related to the European Union * Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Communities -- question that divides a nation". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019. 2. ^ ^a ^b Tom Edgington (31 January 2020). "Brexit: What is the transition period?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020. 3. ^ ^a ^b Goodman, Peter S. (20 May 2016). "'Brexit,' a Feel-Good Vote That Could Sink Britain's Economy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. 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Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. 313. ^ Mia Jankowicz, "Britain's thriving art scene strangled by Brexit chaos" in Politics.co.uk, 20 March 2017: Online Link Archived 24 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine -- Further reading * Ansorg, N. & Haastrup, T.: "Brexit Beyond the UK's Borders: What It Means for Africa", GIGA Focus Afrika No. 03/2016 * Clarke, Harold D.; Goodwin, Matthew; Whiteley, Paul (2017). Brexit: Why Britain Voted to Leave the European Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1316605042. Culkin, Nigel; Simmons, Richard (2018). Tales of Brexits Past and Present: Understanding the Choices, Threats and Opportunities In Our Separation from the EU. Bingley: Emerald Publishing. ISBN 978-1787694385. Evans, Geoffrey; Menon, Anand (2017). Brexit and British Politics. Cambridge: Polity Press. ISBN 978-1509523863. -- vol. LXVI, no. 14 (26 September 2019), pp. 30, 32, 34–35. Hobolt, Sara B. (7 September 2016). "The Brexit vote: a divided nation, a divided continent" (PDF). Journal of European Public Policy. 23 (9): 1259–1277. doi:10.1080/13501763.2016.1225785. ISSN 1350-1763. S2CID 158006844. Oliver, Tim (2018). Understanding Brexit: A concise introduction. Bristol: Policy Press. ISBN 978-1447346395. O'Rourke, Kevin (2019). A Short History of Brexit: From Brentry to Backstop. London: Pelican. ISBN 978-0241398272. O'Toole, Fintan (2018). Heroic Failure: Brexit and the Politics of Pain. London: Apollo. ISBN 978-1789540987. Outhwaite, William (ed.) 2017). Brexit: Sociological Responses. London: Anthem Press, ISBN 978-1783086443 Peers, Steve (2016). The Brexit: The Legal Framework for Withdrawal from the EU or Renegotiation of EU Membership. Oxford: Hart Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84946-874-9. OCLC 917161408. Rogers, Ivan (2019). 9 Lessons in Brexit. London: Short Books. ISBN 978-1780723990. External links Brexitat Wikipedia's sister projects * Definitions from Wiktionary * Media from Wikimedia Commons -- * Early Parliamentary General Election Bill 2019–20, Progress in Parliament * British government's Brexit information * British government's official negotiation documents * European Parliament – Brexit impact studies * Brexit news on Eur-Lex website * Legal Effect of the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland, Attorney General's advice to Prime Minister, 13 November 2018 -- 5 December 2018 * EU's official negotiation documents * British Parliament – Brexit News * Reading list of post-EU Referendum publications by Parliament and the Devolved Assemblies – House of Commons Library * Record of Brexit-related business in the devolved legislatures (Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales) – House of Commons Library * Gov.UK – Department for Exiting the European Union * BBC: "Brexit: What are the options?" (10 October 2016) * BBC: "Brexit vote: What could happen next?" (17 December 2018) * The Brexit Papers, Bar Council, December 2016 * "Plan for Britain: The government's negotiating objectives for exiting the EU": PM's speech delivered and published on 17 January -- * The United Kingdom's exit from and new partnership with the European Union, February 2017 ("White paper") * Brexit at Curlie * Quotes about Brexit on Euronews * European Council Brexit Guidelines * "The economic effects of the government's proposed Brexit deal"—National Institute of Economic and Social Research, November 2018 * How will Brexit affect the UK's manufacturing industry? UK Trade Policy Observatory, February 2018 * The real post-Brexit options Lecture by Ivan Rogers at the University of Glasgow, 23 May 2018 * "What are the options for the UK's trading relationship with the EU after Brexit?" UK in a Changing Europe, King's College London, December 2018 * "Brexit phrasebook: a guide to the talks' key terms"—The Guardian, 23 November 2018 * "Lord Ashcroft: How the United Kingdom voted on EU referendum day – -- Right of unilateral revocation of the notification * Wilson v Prime Minister (2018) EWHC 3520 (Admin) * Ewan McGaughey "Could Brexit be Void?" "King's Law Journal", Volume 29, 2018, Issue 3 * UK withdrawal from the European Union: Legal and procedural issues -- * e EU-Austritt (47521165961).svg Brexit * Renegotiation * Referendum + results * Brexit negotiations * Brexit withdrawal agreement * UK–EU trade negotiation * Trade and Cooperation Agreement -- * Project Fear * Unlawful campaigning allegations * Brexit: The Movie Campaign -- * UKIP Opposition to Brexit * Proposed second referendum + People's Vote * Petition to revoke Article 50 * Led By Donkeys * Bollocks to Brexit Elections -- * 2019 local * 2019 European Parliament + Brexit Party * 2019 general -- * International reactions * March to Leave * Brexit Alliance * Blue Collar Conservativism * Brexit Party * Independent Alliance for Reform Brexit process * Miller I case * Invocation of Article 50 * Negotiations + Brexit divorce bill + 2017 + 2018 -- * Withdrawal agreement + Parliamentary votes * No-deal Brexit + Operation Yellowhammer * Prorogation of Parliament -- * EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) Impact of Brexit and Potential effects -- * Science and technology * Economics * Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union Brexit legislation * Notification of Withdrawal Act 2017 -- Related * Brexit 50p coin * Change Britain * European Research Group -- * Open Britain * Proposed second Scottish independence referendum * Rue du Brexit * Terminology (Glossary) * Tufton Street -- * Postcards from the 48% (2018) * Not Tonight (2018) * Brexit: The Uncivil War (2019) * @BorderIrish (2018–2020) -- Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit&oldid=1000535277" Categories: * Brexit * 2010s in politics * 2016 in British politics