UTF-8 and Unicode
Unicode Transformation Format 8-bit is a variable-width encoding that
can represent every character in the Unicode character set. It was
designed for backward compatibility with ASCII and to avoid the
complications of endianness and byte order marks in UTF-16 and UTF-32.
^[1]
The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0
UTF-8 encodes each Unicode character as a variable number of 1 to 4
octets, where the number of octets depends on the integer value
assigned to the Unicode character. It is an efficient encoding of
Unicode documents that use mostly US-ASCII characters because it
represents each character in the range U+0000 through U+007F as a
single octet.
UTF-8 is the default encoding for XML and since 2010 has become the
dominant character set on the Web.
Standards
* RFC 3629: UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646. November
2003.
* The Unicode Standard 5.0, November 2006. [purchase from Amazon.com]
+ In particular, see the informal description of UTF-8 in
sections 2.5 and 2.6, pages 30-32, and a much more formal
definition in sections 3.9 and 3.10, pages 77-81.
Articles and background reading
Unicode Demystified: A Practical Programmer's Guide to the Encoding
Standard
* UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ for Unix/Linux by Markus Kuhn
* Forms of Unicode, an excellent overview by Mark Davis
* Wikipedia UTF-8 contains a good discussion of why five- and
six-octet sequences are now illegal UTF-8
* Unicode Transformation Formats [czyborra.com]
* Unicode UTF-8 FAQ
* Unicode in XML and other Markup Languages: Unicode Technical Report
#20
* The Absolute Minimum Every Software Developer Absolutely,
Positively Must Know About Unicode and Character Sets (No
Excuses!), an amusing and informative article by Joel Spolsky
Character Sets
The MIME character set attribute for UTF-8 is UTF-8. Character sets are
case-insensitive, so utf-8 is equally valid. [IANA Character Sets].
In a modern HTML 5 page, place this tag inside ... :
For older HTML 4.0.1 pages, use this:
In an XML prolog, the encoding is typically specified as an attribute:
In Apache server config or .htaccess, this will cause the HTTP header
to be generated for text/html and text/plain content:
AddDefaultCharset UTF-8
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