Dream
   For other uses, see Dream (disambiguation).
   The Knight's Dream, 1655, by Antonio de Pereda
   A dream is a succession of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that
   sleep.^[1] The content and purpose of dreams are not fully understood,
   religious interest throughout recorded history. Dream interpretation is
   the attempt at drawing meaning from dreams and searching for an
   underlying message. The scientific study of dreams is called
   Dreams mainly occur in the rapid-eye movement (REM) stage of
   At times, dreams may occur during other stages of sleep. However, these
   dreams tend to be much less vivid or memorable.^[3] The length of a
   dream can vary; they may last for a few seconds, or approximately 20-30
   minutes.^[3] People are more likely to remember the dream if they are
   dreams per night, and some may have up to seven;^[4] however, most
   dreams are immediately or quickly forgotten.^[5] Dreams tend to last
   most dreams occur in the typical two hours of REM.^[6] Dreams related
   Opinions about the meaning of dreams have varied and shifted through
   time and culture. Many endorse the Freudian theory of dreams - that
   dreams reveal insight into hidden desires and emotions. Other prominent
   theories include those suggesting that dreams assist in memory
   psychoanalysis, wrote extensively about dream theories and their
   interpretations in the early 1900s.^[9] He explained dreams as
   that virtually every dream topic, regardless of its content,
   of Dreams (1899), Freud developed a psychological technique to
   interpret dreams and devised a series of guidelines to understand the
   symbols and motifs that appear in our dreams. In modern times, dreams
   normal and ordinary to overly surreal and bizarre. Dreams can have
   melancholic, adventurous, or sexual. The events in dreams are generally
   outside the control of the dreamer, with the exception of lucid
   dreaming, where the dreamer is self-aware.^[11] Dreams can at times
          + 1.4 Dreams and philosophical realism
          + 9.3 Lucid dreaming
               o 9.3.1 Communication through lucid dreaming
          + 9.7 Daydreaming
   Main article: Dream interpretation
   The Dreaming is a common term within the animist creation narrative of
   The ancient Sumerians in Mesopotamia have left evidence of dream
   Mesopotamian history, dreams were always held to be extremely important
   of a dream in which he was told to do so.^[15] The standard Akkadian
   dreams.^[15] First, Gilgamesh himself has two dreams foretelling the
   arrival of Enkidu.^[15] Later, Enkidu dreams about the heroes'
   encounter with the giant Humbaba.^[15] Dreams were also sometimes seen
   and actually visited the places and persons the dreamer saw in his or
   a dream in which he saw the gods Anu, Enlil, and Shamash condemn him to
   death.^[15] He also has a dream in which he visits the Underworld.^[15]
   to Mamu, possibly the god of dreams, at Imgur-Enlil, near Kalhu.^[15]
   dream during a desperate military situation in which his divine patron,
   him to victory.^[15] The Babylonians and Assyrians divided dreams into
   surviving collection of dream omens entitled Iskar Zaqiqu records
   various dream scenarios as well as prognostications of what will happen
   to the person who experiences each dream, apparently based on previous
   occasions in which people experienced similar dreams with different
   results.^[15] Dream scenarios mentioned include a variety of daily work
   their dreams on papyrus. People with vivid and significant dreams were
   believed that dreams were like oracles, bringing messages from the
   through dreaming and thus they would induce (or "incubate") dreams.
   Egyptians would go to sanctuaries and sleep on special "dream beds" in
   Dreaming of the Tiger Spring (¢)
   which one is freed from the body during slumber to journey in a dream
   and dream interpretation had been questioned since early times, such as
   dreams. The first says that dreams are merely expressions of inner
   good and bad dreams, and the idea of incubating dreams. Morpheus, the
   Greek god of dreams, also sent warnings and prophecies to those who
   slept at shrines and temples. The earliest Greek beliefs about dreams
   were that their gods physically visited the dreamers, where they
   Antiphon wrote the first known Greek book on dreams in the 5th century
   had a simple dream theory: during the day, the soul receives images;
   (384-322 BC) believed dreams caused physiological activity. He thought
   dreams could analyze illness and predict diseases. Marcus Tullius
   Cicero, for his part, believed that all dreams are produced by thoughts
   and conversations a dreamer had during the preceding days.^[23]
   Cicero's Somnium Scipionis described a lengthy dream vision, which in
   dreams are, more often than not, the things we have been concerned
   Beginning of "The Dream of Macsen Wledig" from the White Book of
   In Welsh history, The Dream of Rhonabwy (Welsh: Breuddwyd Rhonabwy) is
   describes a dream vision experienced by its central character,
   Also in Welsh history, the tale 'The Dream of Macsen Wledig' is a
   Jacob's dream of a ladder of angels, c. 1690, by Michael Willmann
   In Judaism, dreams are considered part of the experience of the world
   The ancient Hebrews connected their dreams heavily with their religion,
   though the Hebrews were monotheistic and believed that dreams were the
   voice of one God alone. Hebrews also differentiated between good dreams
   (from God) and bad dreams (from evil spirits). The Hebrews, like many
   other ancient cultures, incubated dreams in order to receive divine
   the Lord." Most of the dreams in the Bible are in the Book of
   dreams were of a supernatural character because the Old Testament
   includes frequent stories of dreams with divine inspiration. The most
   famous of these dream stories was Jacob's dream of a ladder that
   speak to people through their dreams.
   Iain R. Edgar has researched the role of dreams in Islam.^[28] He has
   argued that dreams play an important role in the history of Islam and
   the lives of Muslims, since dream interpretation is the only way that
   Hinduism, a dream is one of three states that the soul experiences
   In Buddhism, ideas about dreams are similar to the classical and folk
   traditions in South Asia. The same dream is sometimes experienced by
   had premonition-like dreams preceding this. Some dreams are also seen
   to transcend time: the Buddha-to-be has certain dreams that are the
   Buddhist literature, dreams often function as a "signpost" motif to
   Buddhist views about dreams are expressed in the Pali Commentaries and
Dreams and philosophical realism
   Main article: Dream argument
   A Dream of a Girl Before a Sunrise by Karl Bryullov (1830-1833)
   Stimulus, usually an auditory one, becomes a part of a dream,
   eventually then awakening the dreamer.
   dreams are a way of visiting and having contact with their
   rite of passage, fasting and praying until an anticipated guiding dream
   The Middle Ages brought a harsh interpretation of dreams.^[citation
   Protestantism, believed dreams were the work of the Devil. However,
   dreams.^[citation needed]
   The depiction of dreams in Renaissance and Baroque art is often related
   to Biblical narrative. Examples are Joachim's Dream (1304-1306) from
   the Scrovegni Chapel fresco cycle by Giotto, and Jacob's Dream (1639)
   by Jusepe de Ribera. Dreams and dark imaginings are the theme of
   in the background. Henri Rousseau's last painting was The Dream. Le
   Further information: Dream world (plot device)
   Dream frames were frequently used in medieval allegory to justify the
   Plowman^[37] are two such dream visions. Even before them, in
   19th century. One of the best-known dream worlds is Wonderland from
   many dream worlds, Carroll's logic is like that of actual dreams, with
   Other fictional dream worlds include the Dreamlands of H. P.
   Lovecraft's Dream Cycle^[38] and The Neverending Story's^[39] world of
   Fantasia, which includes places like the Desert of Lost Dreams, the Sea
   of Possibilities and the Swamps of Sadness. Dreamworlds, shared
   An artist's illustration of Saint Joseph dreaming.
   Self-portrait of a Dreamer
   Modern popular culture often conceives of dreams, like Freud, as
   expressions of the dreamer's deepest fears and desires.^[40] The film
   version of The Wizard of Oz (1939) depicts a full-color dream that
   The Manchurian Candidate (1962), Field of Dreams (1989), and Inception
   dreams.^[41]
   Most dreams in popular culture are, however, not symbolic, but
   straightforward and realistic depictions of their dreamer's fears and
   desires.^[41] Dream scenes may be indistinguishable from those set in
   the dreamer's real world, a narrative device that undermines the
   dreamer's and the audience's sense of security^[41] and allows horror
   In speculative fiction, the line between dreams and reality may be
   blurred even more in the service of the story.^[41] Dreams may be
   psychically invaded or manipulated (Dreamscape, 1984; the Nightmare on
   dreams can retroactively change reality. Peter Weir's 1977 Australian
   the premonitory nature of dreams (from one of his Aboriginal
   characters) that "... dreams are the shadow of something real". In
   years before through Absinthe induced dreams and after each dream
   audiences' experiences with their own dreams, which feel as real to
   theory that the content of dreams is driven by unconscious wish
   fulfillment. Freud called dreams the "royal road to the
   unconscious."^[42] He theorized that the content of dreams reflects the
   dreamer's unconscious mind and specifically that dream content is
   experiences. Freud's theory describes dreams as having both manifest
   In his early work, Freud argued that the vast majority of latent dream
   how trauma or aggression could influence dream content. He also
   discussed supernatural origins in Dreams and Occultism, a lecture
   against many of Freud's theories regarding dreams. Freud's "dream-work"
   validity. His theory that dreams were the "guardians" of sleep,
   unlikely given studies of individuals who can sleep without dreaming.
   later in adult dreams conflicts with modern research on memory. Freud's
   bland dreams, or why the emotions in most dreams are negative. On the
   plus side, modern researchers agree with Freud that dreams do have
   coherence, and that dream content connects to other psychological
   dream interpretation services based on Freudian or other systems remain
   idea that dream content relates to the dreamer's unconscious desires.
   He described dreams as messages to the dreamer and argued that dreamers
   should pay attention for their own good. He came to believe that dreams
   present the dreamer with revelations that can uncover and help to
   Jung wrote that recurring dreams show up repeatedly to demand
   attention, suggesting that the dreamer is neglecting an issue related
   to the dream. He called this "compensation." The dream balances the
   believe that the conscious attitude was wrong and that the dream
   provided the true belief. He argued that good work with dreams takes
   that many of the symbols or images from these dreams return with each
   dream. Jung believed that memories formed throughout the day also play
   a role in dreaming. These memories leave impressions for the
   re-enacts these glimpses of the past in the form of a dream. Jung
   called this a day residue.^[49] Jung also argued that dreaming is not a
   purely individual concern, that all dreams are part of "one great web
   Fritz Perls presented his theory of dreams as part of the holistic
   nature of Gestalt therapy. Dreams are seen as projections of parts of
   argued that one could consider every person in the dream to represent
   an aspect of the dreamer, which he called the subjective approach to
   dreams. Perls expanded this point of view to say that even inanimate
   objects in the dream may represent aspects of the dreamer. The dreamer
   may, therefore, be asked to imagine being an object in the dream and to
   the object that correspond with the dreamer's personality.
   Accumulated observation has shown that dreams are strongly associated
   wakefulness. Participant-remembered dreams during NREM sleep are
   person spends a total of about six years dreaming^[52] (which is about
   two hours each night).^[53] Most dreams only last 5 to 20 minutes.^[52]
   It is unknown where in the brain dreams originate, if there is a single
   origin for dreams or if multiple portions of the brain are involved, or
   what the purpose of dreaming is for the body or mind.
   During most dreams, the person dreaming is not aware that they are
   dreaming, no matter how absurd or eccentric the dream is. The reason
   dreams. This allows the dreamer to more actively interact with the
   dream without thinking about what might happen, since things that would
   normally stand out in reality blend in with the dream scenery.^[56]
   dreams could take place, subjects accurately reported the length of
   time they had been dreaming in an REM sleep state. Some researchers
   place upon reflection and do not truly occur within dreams.^[57] This
   close correlation of REM sleep and dream experience was the basis of
   the first series of reports describing the nature of dreaming: that it
   REM sleep episodes and the dreams that accompany them lengthen
   episodes increasing to 15-20 minutes. Dreams at the end of the night
   as the night ends. Dream reports can be reported from normal subjects
   in the ability to recall dreams appears related to intensification
   across the night in the vividness of dream imagery, colors, and
   REM sleep and the ability to dream seem to be embedded in the biology
   are among the most prolific dreamers, judging from their REM
   Studies have observed signs of dreaming in all mammals studied,
   also been signs of dreaming in birds and reptiles.^[61] Sleeping and
   dreaming are intertwined. Scientific research results regarding the
   function of dreaming in animals remain disputable; however, the
   Some scientists argue that humans dream for the same reason other
   amniotes do. From a Darwinian perspective dreams would have to fulfill
   in Finland, claimed that centuries ago dreams would prepare humans for
   threat-simulation theory.^[63] According to Tsoukalas (2012) dreaming
   changed dream research, challenging the previously held Freudian view
   of dreams as unconscious wishes to be interpreted. They assume that the
   interpreted as dreams originate in the brainstem during REM sleep.
   from these signals, result in dreaming.
   However, research by Mark Solms suggests that dreams are generated in
   the forebrain, and that REM sleep and dreaming are not directly
   brain injuries. He began to question patients about their dreams and
   dreaming; this finding was in line with Hobson's 1977 theory. However,
   Solms did not encounter cases of loss of dreaming with patients having
   signals interpreted as dreams.
   findings, the continual-activation theory of dreaming presented by Jie
   Zhang proposes that dreaming is a result of brain activation and
   synthesis; at the same time, dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by
   activation is the inducer of each dream. He proposes that, with the
   involvement of the brain associative thinking system, dreaming is,
   thereafter, self-maintained with the dreamer's own thinking until the
   next pulse of memory insertion. This explains why dreams have both
   characteristics of continuity (within a dream) and sudden changes
   (between two dreams).^[67]^[68] A detailed explanation of how a dream
   Eugen Tarnow suggests that dreams are ever-present excitations of
   long-term memory, even during waking life. The strangeness of dreams is
   rise to experiences similar to dreams. During waking life an executive
   Tarnow's theory is a reworking of Freud's theory of dreams in which
   Freud's "Dream Work" describes the structure of long-term memory.^[70]
   dream flow may help the brain strengthen the linking and consolidation
   Hamburg, was the first who suggested that dreams are a need and that
   day. By the dream work, incomplete material is either removed
   theory, which states that dreams are like the cleaning-up operations of
   the opposite view that dreaming has an information handling,
   Coutts^[77] describes dreams as playing a central role in a two-phase
   self-modify by incorporating dream themes. During the emotional
   selection phase, dreams test prior schema accommodations. Those that
   during a typical night's sleep. Alfred Adler suggested that dreams are
   dream feelings may either reinforce or inhibit contemplated action.
   Numerous theories state that dreaming is a random by-product of REM
   Flanagan claims that "dreams are evolutionary epiphenomena" and they
   have no adaptive function. "Dreaming came along as a free ride on a
   reasons, also considers dreams epiphenomena. He believes that the
   substance of dreams have no significant influence on waking actions,
   remembering their dreams.^[80]
   In 2005, however, Hobson published a book, Thirteen Dreams that Freud
   Never Had,^[81] in which he analyzed his own dreams after having a
   Hobson's dreams, with attention to problems in bodily function and
   social relations. The book illustrates how dreams show our most
   "there is a randomness of dream imagery and the randomness synthesizes
   dream-generated images to fit the patterns of internally generated
   sleep, and Hobson believes dreams are the outcome of the forebrain
   dreams is attributed to certain parts of the brain trying to piece
   However, evolutionary psychologists believe dreams serve some adaptive
   function for survival. Deirdre Barrett describes dreaming as simply
   dreaming.^[85]^[86]
   Finnish psychologist Antti Revonsuo posits that dreams have evolved for
   those who survived them. Therefore, dreaming evolved to replicate these
   theory, Revonsuo shows that contemporary dreams comprise much more
   threatening events than people meet in daily non-dream life, and the
   dreamer usually engages appropriately with them.^[87] It is suggested
   by this theory that dreams serve the purpose of allowing for the
   According to Tsoukalas (2012) the biology of dreaming is related to the
   theories claiming that dreams specialize in threat avoidance or
   There are many other hypotheses about the function of dreams,
     * Dreams allow the repressed parts of the mind to be satisfied
     * Ferenczi^[90] proposed that the dream, when told, may communicate
     * Dreams regulate mood.^[91]
     * Hartmann^[92] says dreams may function like psychotherapy, by
       "making connections in a safe place" and allowing the dreamer to
     * LaBerge and DeGracia^[93] have suggested that dreams may function,
   An artist's rendering of a dream.
   From the 1940s to 1985, Calvin S. Hall collected more than 50,000 dream
   published The Content Analysis of Dreams, in which they outlined a
   coding system to study 1,000 dream reports from college students.^[94]
   demonstrated similarity in their dream content. Hall's complete dream
   The visual nature of dreams is generally highly phantasmagoric; that
   dreams may even tell elaborate stories wherein the dreamer enters
   feelings never experienced prior to the dream.
   People who are blind from birth do not have visual dreams. Their dream
   In the Hall study, the most common emotion experienced in dreams was
   The Hall data analysis shows that sexual dreams occur no more than 10%
   study showed that 8% of both men and women's dreams have sexual
   content.^[96] In some cases, sexual dreams may result in orgasms or
   nocturnal emissions. These are colloquially known as wet dreams.^[97]
   A small minority of people say that they dream only in black and
   and white television and film in childhood reported dreaming in black
   neurological conditions) can impact dreams. For instance, some people
   with synesthesia have never reported entirely black-and-white dreaming,
   and often have a difficult time imagining the idea of dreaming in only
   Main article: Dream interpretation
   An artist's painting of a dream.
   Dream interpretation can be a result of subjective ideas and
   dreams reveal meaningful hidden truths". In one study^[101] conducted
   Indians, 65% of South Koreans and 56% of Americans believed their dream
   beliefs and desires. This Freudian view of dreaming was endorsed
   significantly more than theories of dreaming that attribute dream
   attribute more importance to dream content than to similar thought
   more likely to report that they would miss their flight if they dreamt
   to miss their flight if they dreamt of their plane crashing the night
   they intended to take.^[8] Not all dream content was considered equally
   dreams to be meaningful when the content of dreams was in accordance
   view a positive dream about a friend to be meaningful than a positive
   dream about someone they disliked, for example, and were more likely to
   view a negative dream about a person they disliked as meaningful than a
   negative dream about a person they liked.
   begin at each step of the dream.^[102]
   A depiction of soldiers' dreams.
   brain often interprets the stimulus and makes it a part of a dream to
   ensure continued sleep.^[103] Dream incorporation is a phenomenon
   incorporated into dreams, such as hearing a phone ringing in a dream
   while it is ringing in reality or dreaming of urination while wetting
   The term "dream incorporation" is also used in research examining the
   degree to which preceding daytime events become elements of dreams.
   Fine and Laura Fischer Leighton argue that "dreams are external to the
   individual mind" because "1) dreams are not willed by the individual
   self; 2) dreams reflect social reality; 3) dreams are public rhetoric;
   and 4) dreams are collectively interpretable."^[105]
   According to surveys, it is common for people to feel their dreams are
   for accurate predictions and distorted memory so that dreams are
   nature of dreams makes it easy to find connections between dream
   content and real events.^[107] The term "veridical dream" has been used
   to indicate dreams that reveal or contain truths not yet known to the
   dreamer, whether future events or secrets.^[108]
   In one experiment, subjects were asked to write down their dreams in a
   diary. This prevented the selective memory effect, and the dreams no
   subjects a fake diary of a student with apparently precognitive dreams.
   predictive dreams and some non-predictive dreams. When subjects were
   asked to recall the dreams they had read, they remembered more of the
Lucid dreaming
   Main article: Lucid dreaming
   Lucid dreaming is the conscious perception of one's state while
   dreaming. In this state the dreamer may often have some degree of
   control over their own actions within the dream or even the characters
   and the environment of the dream. Dream control has been reported to
   improve with practiced deliberate lucid dreaming, but the ability to
   control aspects of the dream is not necessary for a dream to qualify as
   "lucid" -- a lucid dream is any dream during which the dreamer knows
   they are dreaming.^[111] The occurrence of lucid dreaming has been
   Oneironaut is a term sometimes used for those who lucidly dream.
Communication through lucid dreaming
   communication from a dreamer experiencing a lucid dream. On April 12,
     * Using eye signals to map the subjective sense of time in dreams.
       and while dreaming.
     * Studies comparing in-dream sex, arousal, and orgasm.^[114]
   Communication between two dreamers has also been documented. The
   coordinating website. The website tracked when both dreamers were
   dreaming and sent the stimulus to one of the dreamers where it was
   incorporated into the dream. This dreamer, upon becoming lucid,
   the stimulus was sent to the second dreamer, invoking incorporation
   into this dream.^[115]
   Dreams of absent-minded transgression (DAMT) are dreams wherein the
   dreamer absentmindedly performs an action that he or she has been
   dreams of lighting a cigarette). Subjects who have had DAMT have
   positive association between having these dreams and successfully
   The recollection of dreams is extremely unreliable, though it is a
   skill that can be trained. Dreams can usually be recalled if a person
   is awakened while dreaming.^[102] Women tend to have more frequent
   dream recall than men.^[102] Dreams that are difficult to recall may be
   salience, arousal, and interference play a role in dream recall. Often,
   a dream may be recalled upon viewing or hearing a random trigger or
   stimulus. The salience hypothesis proposes that dream content that is
   unusual dream content is more frequently recalled.^[117] A dream
   journal can be used to assist dream recall, for personal interest or
   For some people, sensations from the previous night's dreams are
   usually too slight and fleeting to allow dream recall. At least 95% of
   all dreams are not remembered. Certain brain chemicals necessary for
   during REM sleep. Unless a dream is particularly vivid and if one wakes
   during or immediately after it, the content of the dream is not
   remembered.^[118] Recording or reconstructing dreams may one day assist
   with dream recall. Using technologies such as functional magnetic
   been able to record basic dream imagery,^[119] dream speech
   activity^[120] and dream motor behavior (such as walking and hand
   that people who have more vivid, intense or unusual dreams show better
   during the day tend to have more memorable dream content and hence
   better dream recall. People who score high on measures of personality
   openness to experience, daydreaming, fantasy proneness, absorption, and
   hypnotic susceptibility, tend to show more frequent dream recall.^[117]
   dreaming and waking experience. That is, people who report more bizarre
   (psychosis proneness) have more frequent dream recall and also report
   or experienced something to having dreamed about a similar situation or
Daydreaming
   Main article: Daydreaming
   A daydream is a visionary fantasy, especially one of happy, pleasant
   daydreams, and there is no consistent definition amongst
   Barrett has found that people who experience vivid dream-like mental
   talk about "daydreaming."^[125]^[126]
   While daydreaming has long been derided as a lazy, non-productive
   pastime, it is now commonly acknowledged that daydreaming can be
   and filmmakers, developing new ideas through daydreaming. Similarly,
   ideas by daydreaming about their subject areas.
   dreaming, which does not involve wakefulness.
   A nightmare is an unpleasant dream that can cause a strong negative
   despair, anxiety and great sadness. The dream may contain situations of
   nightmares, which are bad dreams that cause the feeling of horror or
     * Cognitive neuroscience of dreams
     * Dream art
     * Dream dictionary
     * Dream pop
     * Dream sequence
     * Dream speech
     * Dream Yoga
     * Dreamcatcher
     * Dreamwork
     * Lilith, a Sumerian dream demon
     * List of dream diaries
     * List of dreams
    1. ^ "Dream". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English
    3. ^ ^a ^b ^c Hobson, J.A. (2009). "REM sleep and dreaming: towards a
    4. ^ Empson, J. (2002). Sleep and dreaming (3rd ed.)., New York:
    5. ^ Cherry, Kendra. (2015). "10 Facts About Dreams: What Researchers
       Have Discovered About Dreams Archived 2016-02-21 at the Wayback
    6. ^ Ann, Lee (January 27, 2005). "HowStuffWorks "Dreams: Stages of
       "Incorporation of recent waking-life experiences in dreams
       dreaming is believing: The (motivated) interpretation of dreams".
    9. ^ Freud, S. (1900). The interpretation of dreams. London: Hogarth
   10. ^ Cheung, Theresa (2006). The Dream Dictionary from A to Z. China:
   11. ^ Lite, Jordan (July 29, 2010). "How Can You Control Your Dreams?".
   12. ^ Domhoff, W. (2002). The scientific study of dreams. APA Press
   16. ^ ^a ^b Oppenheim, L.A. (1966). Mantic Dreams in the Ancient Near
       East in G. E. Von Grunebaum & R. Caillois (Eds.), The Dream and
       Dream. In G.E. Von Grunebaum & R. Caillos (Eds.), The Dream and
   19. ^ Lincoln, J.S. (1935). The dream in primitive cultures London:
   20. ^ 1991. languages of dreaming : Anthropological approaches to the
       study of dreaming In other cultures. In Gackenbach J, Sheikh A,
       eds, Dream images: A call to mental arms. Amityville, N.Y.:
   21. ^ ^a ^b Bulkeley, Kelly (2008). Dreaming in the world's religions:
   22. ^ O'Neil, C.W. (1976). Dreams, culture and the individual. San
   26. ^ "BBC Wales - History - Themes - the Dream of Macsen Wledig".
   27. ^ Bar, Shaul (2001). A letter that has not been read: Dreams in the
   28. ^ Edgar, Iain (2011). The Dream in Islam: From Qur'anic Tradition
       Guidance and practice of Islamic dream incubation through
   31. ^ ^a ^b Young, S. (2003). "Dreams". The encyclopedia of South Asian
   33. ^ Tedlock, B (1981). "Quiche Maya dream Interpretation". Ethos. 9
   34. ^ Webb, Craig (1995). "Dreams: Practical Meaning & Applications".
       The DREAMS Foundation. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.
   35. ^ "Native American Dream Beliefs". Dream Encyclopedia. Archived
   38. ^ Phillips Lovecraft, Howard (1995). The Dream Cycle of H.P.
       Lovecraft: Dreams of Terror and Death. Ballantine Books.
   43. ^ Nagera, Humberto, ed. (2014) [1969]. "Latent dream-content (pp.
       31ff.)". Basic Psychoanalytic Concepts on the Theory of Dreams.
       54ff.)". Basic Psychoanalytic Concepts on the Theory of Dreams.
   46. ^ Domhoff, G. W. (2000). Moving Dream Theory Beyond Freud and Jung.
   47. ^ "The Folly of Dream Interpretation". Psychology Today. 29 July
       Suppressed Thoughts in Dreams". Psychological Science. 15 (4):
       during Sleep to Dream Activity". Journal of Experimental
   52. ^ ^a ^b How Dream Works. 2006. Archived from the original on April
   57. ^ Barbara Bolz. "How Time Passes in Dreams Archived 2016-01-31 at
   58. ^ Takeuchi, Tomoka (June 2005). "Dream mechanisms: Is REM sleep
       indispensable for dreaming?". Sleep & Biological Rhythms. 3 (2):
   61. ^ "Dream". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on
       hypothesis". Dreaming. 22 (4): 253-283. doi:10.1037/a0030790.
   66. ^ Solms, M. (2000). Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by
   67. ^ ^a ^b Zhang, Jie (2005). Continual-activation theory of dreaming,
   70. ^ Tarnow, Eugen (2003). How Dreams And Memory May Be Related (5(2)
   71. ^ "The Health Benefits of Dreams". Webmd.com. February 25, 2009.
       "Sleep, Learning, and Dreams: Off-line Memory Reprocessing".
   73. ^ Jessica D. Payne and Lynn Nadel1 (2004). "Sleep, dreams, and
   75. ^ Evans, C.; Newman, E. (1964). "Dreaming: An analogy from
   76. ^ Crick, F.; Mitchison, G. (1983). "The function of dream sleep".
   77. ^ Coutts, R (2008). "Dreams as modifiers and tests of mental
   78. ^ Revonsuo, A. (2000). "The reinterpretation of dreams: an
       evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming". Behavioral
   81. ^ Hobson, J. A. (2005). Thirteen Dreams that Freud Never Had. New
   82. ^ Tubo, J. "The evolution of dreaming". Archived from the original
   83. ^ Franklin, M; Zyphur, M (2005). "The role of dreams in the
   84. ^ Barrett, Deirdre (2007). "An Evolutionary Theory of Dreams and
       of Dreaming, Volume III: Cultural and Theoretical Perspectives on
       Dreaming. New York, NY: Praeger/Greenwood. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
       Scientists, and Athletes Use their Dreams for Creative Problem
   86. ^ "Barrett, Deirdre. The 'Committee of Sleep': A Study of Dream
       Incubation for Problem Solving. Dreaming: Journal of the
       Association for the Study of Dreams, 1993, 3, pp. 115-123".
       Asdreams.org. Archived from the original on November 18, 2012.
   88. ^ Cartwright, Rosalind D (1993). "Functions of Dreams".
       Encyclopedia of Sleep and Dreaming.
   89. ^ Vedfelt, Ole (1999). The Dimensions of Dreams. Fromm.
   90. ^ Ferenczi, S. (1913) To whom does one relate one's dreams? In:
       dreaming: An update and revision. In: The Function of Dreaming.
       dreaming psychotherapy?". Dreaming. 5 (4): 213-228.
   93. ^ LaBerge, S. & DeGracia, D.J. (2000). Varieties of lucid dreaming
       Analysis of Dreams. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Content
   95. ^ "How do blind people dream? - The Body Odd". March 2012. Archived
   96. ^ Zadra, A., "1093: Sex dreams: what to men and women dream about?"
       2004). "Typical Dreams: Stability and Gender Differences". The
       generation have monochrome dreams". The Daily Telegraph. London.
   102. ^ ^a ^b ^c "The Science Behind Dreams and Nightmares". Npr.org.
   103. ^ Antrobus, John (1993). "Characteristics of Dreams". Encyclopedia
       of Sleep and Dreaming.
       Dream-lag Effect". 20th Annual International Conference of the
       Association for the Study of Dreams. Archived from the original on
       "Nocturnal Omissions: Steps Toward a Sociology of Dreams". Symbolic
   108. ^ "Llewellyn Worldwide - Encyclopedia: Term: Veridical Dream".
     ^ Lucid dreaming FAQ Archived 2007-03-13 at the Wayback Machine. by
     ^ Watanabe, T. (2003). "Lucid Dreaming: Its Experimental Proof and
   (link) , Lucid Dream Communication
     ^ LaBerge, S. (2014). Lucid dreaming: Paradoxes of dreaming
     ^ Olson, Parmy. "Saying 'Hi' Through A Dream: How The Internet Could
     ^ Hajek P, Belcher M (1991). "Dream of absent-minded transgression:
     ^ ^a ^b ^c Watson, David (2003). "To dream, perchance to remember:
   Individual differences in dream recall". Personality and Individual
     ^ Hobson, J.A.; McCarly, R.W. (1977). "The brain as a dream-state
   generator: An activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process".
     ^ Morelle, Rebecca (2013-04-04). "Scientists 'read dreams' using
   Dreams. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783642180477.
     ^ Oldis, Daniel (2016-02-04). "Can We Turn Our Dreams Into Watchable
     ^ Lohff, David C. (2004). The Dream Directory: The Comprehensive
     ^ Barrett, D. L. (1979). "The Hypnotic Dream: Its Content in
   Comparison to Nocturnal Dreams and Waking Fantasy". Journal of Abnormal
     * Freud, Sigmund (1994). The interpretation of dreams. New York:
   of Dream-analysis". New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 139-.
     Jung, Carl (2002). Dreams (Routledge Classics). New York: Routledge.
     Harris, William V., Dreams and Experience in Classical Antiquity
     Bernard Dieterle, Manfred Engel (eds.): Writing the Dream / Écrire le
     Bernard Dieterle, Manfred Engel (eds.): Theorizing the Dream / Savoir
   Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dreaming.
   Wikiquote has quotations related to: Dream
     * Dreams on In Our Time at the BBC
     * DreamCultures - research on the cultural and literary history of
       the dream (with searchable database)
       physiological effects of dreams through biofeedback.
     * The International Association for the Study of Dreams
     * Dream at Curlie
     * Dixit, Jay (November 2007). "Dreams: Night School". Psychology
     alt.dreams A long-running USENET forum wherein readers post and
   analyze each other's dreams.
   Dreams and oneirology
     * Lucid dream
     * Pre-lucid dream
     * Rapture dream
     * Recurring dream
     * Anxiety dream
     * Veridical dream
     * Dream speech
     * Dreamwork
     * Dream dictionary
     * Dream art
     * Dream diary
     * Dream incubation
     * Dream interpretation
     * Dream sharing
     * Dream yoga
     * Dream guide
     * Psychoanalytic dream interpretation
     * Cognitive neuroscience of dreams
     * Dream
     * Lucid dream
     * Dream journal
   "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dream&oldid=871890780"
     * Dream