Marriage For other uses, see Marriage (disambiguation). * Marriage * Cousin marriage * Ghost marriage By marriage * Open marriage Marriage, also called matrimony or wedlock, is a socially or ritually other family through marriage).^[1] The definition of marriage varies cultures, marriage is recommended or considered to be compulsory before pursuing any sexual activity. When defined broadly, marriage is considered a cultural universal. A marriage ceremony is known as a of incest, prescriptive marriage rules, parental choice and individual desire. In some areas of the world, arranged marriage, child marriage, polygamy, and sometimes forced marriage, may be practiced as a cultural towards ensuring equal rights within marriage for women and legally recognizing the marriages of interfaith, interracial, and same-sex Marriage can be recognized by a state, an organization, a religious viewed as a contract. When a marriage is performed and carried out by a government institution in accordance with the marriage laws of the jurisdiction, without religious content, it is a civil marriage. Civil marriage recognizes and creates the rights and obligations intrinsic to matrimony before the state. When a marriage is performed with religious marriage. Religious marriage recognizes and creates the rights and marriage is known variously as sacramental marriage in Catholicism, constitutes, and who can enter into, a valid religious marriage. Some countries do not recognize locally performed religious marriage on its own, and require a separate civil marriage for official purposes. Conversely, civil marriage does not exist in some countries governed by a religious legal system, such as Saudi Arabia, where marriages in Lebanon and Israel, locally performed civil marriage also does not marriages contradicting religious laws from being entered into in the country, however, civil marriages performed abroad are recognized by recognition of marriage in Israel, this includes recognition of not only interfaith civil marriages performed abroad, but also overseas same-sex civil marriages). The act of marriage usually creates normative or legal obligations jurisdictions limit marriage to opposite-sex couples and a diminishing number of these permit polygyny, child marriages, and forced marriages. for the marriages of interfaith, interracial, and same-sex couples. Some cultures allow the dissolution of marriage through divorce or annulment. In some areas, child marriages and polygamy may occur in countries have led to changes in the demographics of marriage, with the age of first marriage increasing, fewer people marrying, and more of marriages in Europe decreased by 30% from 1975 to 2005.^[3] century, marriage has undergone gradual legal changes, aimed at within marriage (especially sexual violence), traditional marriage customs such as dowry and bride price, forced marriage, marriageable * 3 Types of marriage o 3.2.3 Plural marriage + 3.3 Child marriage + 3.4 Same-sex and third-gender marriages + 3.5 Temporary marriages + 4.3 Prescriptive marriage + 4.4 Forced marriage * 7 Marriage law + 7.3 Marriage restrictions o 7.3.5 Number of spouses in a marriage o 7.4.1 Marriage license, civil ceremony and registration o 7.4.2 Common-law marriage o 7.4.4 "Marriage of convenience" + 7.5 Contemporary legal and human rights criticisms of marriage o 7.5.1 Power and gender roles in marriage o 7.5.2 Sex outside of marriage o 7.5.3 Marriage and sexual violence o 7.5.4 Marriage laws, human rights and gender status o 7.5.7 Children born outside marriage * 8 Marriage and religion # 8.1.2.1 Christian attitudes to same-sex marriage * 9 Marriage and health * 11 History of marriage The word "marriage" derives from Middle English mariage, which first Anthropologists have proposed several competing definitions of marriage of marriage have careened from one extreme to another and everywhere in In The History of Human Marriage (1922), Edvard Westermarck defined marriage as "a more or less durable connection between male and female offspring."^[8] In The Future of Marriage in Western Civilization defining marriage as "a relation of one or more men to one or more The anthropological handbook Notes and Queries (1951) defined marriage to act as a husband in certain circumstances (the ghost marriage), In an analysis of marriage among the Nayar, a polyandrous society in key element of marriage and to define it in terms of legitimacy of offspring alone: marriage is "a relationship established between a definition on the basis that some societies do not require marriage for legitimacy. He argued that a legitimacy-based definition of marriage is terms of recognized legitimate offspring and suggested that marriage be of marriage applied to all cultures. He offered a list of ten rights associated with marriage, including sexual monopoly and rights with benefit of the children of the marriage. marriage as "a relationship between one or more men (male or female) in member) deceases (Levirate marriage). In referring to "men (male or (See Nuer "ghost marriage")^[6] Types of marriage The marriage of Inanna and Dumuzid Ancient Sumerian depiction of the marriage of Inanna and Dumuzid^[14] Monogamy is a form of marriage in which an individual has only one Anthropologist Jack Goody's comparative study of marriage around the another commits the crime of bigamy. In all cases, the second marriage marriages being void, the bigamist is also liable to other penalties, so on average three times. Divorce and remarriage can thus result in "serial monogamy", i.e. having multiple marriages but only one legal Polygamy is a marriage which includes more than two partners.^[19] When called polygyny, and there is no marriage bond between the wives; and called polyandry, and there is no marriage bond between the husbands. If a marriage includes multiple husbands or wives, it can be called group marriage.^[19] study of marriage around the world utilizing the Ethnographic Atlas Marriages are classified according to the number of legal spouses an practicing monogamous marriage. Tracking the occurrence of polygamy is marriage patterns are biased by "contradictory concerns of nostalgia arising over domestic abuse, forced marriage, and neglect. The vast Although a society may be classified as polygynous, not all marriages in it necessarily are; monogamous marriages may in fact predominate. It tensions within the marriage.^[26] polygyny several unions may be recognized as being legal marriages (now illegal) formal marriages, the domestic and personal arrangements the scarcity of land; the marriage of all brothers in a family to the Plural marriage Group marriage (also known as multi-lateral marriage) is a form of the members of the group marriage being considered to be married to all the other members of the group marriage, and all members of the marriage share parental responsibility for any children arising from the marriage.^[32] No country legally condones group marriages, neither under the law nor as a common law marriage, but historically it has marriages at all.^[33] Child marriage Main article: Child marriage A child marriage is a marriage where one or both spouses are under the Child marriage was common throughout history, even up until the 1900s age of consent for marriage was 7 years old.^[36] Still, in 2017, over international human rights organizations.^[38]^[39] Child marriages are Child marriages can also occur in the context of bride kidnapping.^[38] While child marriage is observed for both boys and girls, the only one marriage-partner is a child, usually the female, due to the importance placed upon female virginity.^[38] Causes of child marriage include poverty, bride price, dowry, laws that allow child marriages, Today, child marriages are widespread in parts of the world; being most The incidence of child marriage has been falling in most parts of the world. In developed countries child marriage is outlawed or restricted. Same-sex and third-gender marriages Main articles: Same-sex marriage and History of same-sex unions As noted above, several kinds of same-sex, non-sexual marriages exist companionate marriages, unlike their different-sex marriages in which Temporary marriages Several cultures have practiced temporary and conditional marriages. marriages in the Muslim community. Pre-Islamic Arabs practiced a form of temporary marriage that carries on today in the practice of Nikah mut‘ah, a fixed-term marriage contract. The Islamic prophet Muhammad sanctioned a temporary marriage – sigheh in Iran and muta'a in Iraq – forms of temporary marriage have been used in Egypt, Lebanon and Iran woman cannot, however, use this kind of marriage to obtain a sperm marriage". See also: Cohabitation and Common-law marriage constitute a common-law marriage, an unregistered partnership, or in lieu of institutional marriage for taxation and social security traditional institutionalized marriage. However, in this context, some Conversely, institutionalized marriages may not involve cohabitation. issues, or for other reasons. Such marriages have also been "Walking marriages reflect sweeping changes in Chinese society." A "walking marriage" refers to a type of temporary marriage formed by the marriage, also involves the husband and wife living separately but the selection of a partner for marriage. There is variation in the which a partner can be chosen the selection of a marriage partner may courtship or the marriage may be arranged by the couple's parents or an are marriages where each party has sought a partner of similar status. There are other marriages in which the man is older than the Further information: Prohibited degree of kinship, Cousin marriage, Affinity (canon law), and Avunculate marriage Societies have often placed restrictions on marriage to relatives, though the degree of prohibited relationship varies widely. Marriages considered incest and forbidden. However, marriages between more that 80% of all marriages in history have been between second cousins than 10% of all marriages are believed to be between people who are marriages are now highly stigmatized, and laws ban most or all first-cousin marriage in 30 states. Specifics vary: in South Korea, An Avunculate marriage is a marriage that occurs between an uncle and his niece or between an aunt and her nephew. Such marriages are illegal considered mahrim (or maharem): unmarriageable kin with whom sexual marriage selection is the levirate marriage in which widows are affinity, meaning by blood or by marriage. On the marriage of cousins, Prescriptive marriage Main article: Arranged marriage An arranged marriage between Louis XIV of France and Maria Theresa of relative as determined by a prescriptive marriage rule. This rule may marriageable. Pierre Bourdieu notes, however, that very few marriages Insofar as regular marriages following prescriptive rules occur, structures created by the limited number of prescriptive marriage rules A pragmatic (or 'arranged') marriage is made easier by formal or encourages the marriage; they may, indeed, engage a professional Forced marriage Main article: Forced marriage A forced marriage is a marriage in which one or both of the parties is married against their will. Forced marriages continue to be practiced between forced marriage and consensual marriage may become blurred, the marriage even if he/she doesn't want it, out of the implied social marriage.^[80]^[81] Other marriage partners are more or less imposed on an individual. For In rural areas of India, child marriage is practiced, with parents born.^[82] This practice was made illegal under the Child Marriage See also: Economics of marriage and Family economics The financial aspects of marriage vary between cultures and have having a choice in whether to participate in the marriage. to be equal. After the marriage, all the property (called "fortune") daughter at her marriage (i.e. inter vivos) rather than at the holder's of marriage and which remains under her ownership and control.^[88] marriage couple entering into a prenuptial agreement, called a ketubah. price, which was payable at the time of the marriage by the groom to breakup of marriage, and family maintenance in the event of the husband preserved for centuries in morganatic marriage, a union where the marriage. In some countries, including Iran, the mahr or alimony can a woman upon the marriage of their daughter to the groom. In is called the marriage penalty.^[citation needed] taxpayers and is another situation called a marriage penalty.^[90] In many Western cultures, marriage usually leads to the formation of a Minangkabau of West Sumatra, residency after marriage is matrilocal, Residency after marriage can also be patrilocal or avunculocal. In Although, in different-sex marriages, an increase in the female Marriage law Marriage and other * Marriage * Types of marriages * Common-law marriage Validity of marriages * Void and Voidable marriages * Marriage fraud Dissolution of marriages * Marriage Main article: Marriage law Marriage laws refer to the legal requirements which determine the validity of a marriage, which vary considerably between countries. marriages in the United States A marriage bestows rights and obligations on the married parties, and marriages, family obligations, the legal establishment of a nuclear In many countries today, each marriage partner has the choice of latter case, called community property, when the marriage ends by In some legal systems, the partners in a marriage are "jointly liable" for the debts of the marriage. This has a basis in a traditional legal marriage, a husband was responsible to provide necessary things for his unreasonably wide range of debts to be expenses of the marriage. The eventually after a marriage, are regulated in most jurisdictions; Marriage restrictions Marriage is an institution that is historically filled with gender, restrictions are placed on marriage by society for reasons of recognize marriage also recognize adultery as a violation of the terms of marriage.^[101] Most jurisdictions set a minimum age for marriage, that is, a person and/or if a court decides that said marriage is in the best interest of prevent children from being forced into marriages, especially to much older partners – marriages which can have negative education and health violence^[102] – such child marriages remain common in parts of the world. According to the UN, child marriages are most common in rural rates of child marriage are: Niger (75%), Chad, Central African Main article: Cousin marriage To prohibit incest and eugenic reasons, marriage laws have set Main article: Interracial marriage marriage between persons of different racially or ethnically defined the marriage of whites and blacks, and in many states also the intermarriage of whites with Native Americans or Asians.^[105] In the law against racially mixed marriages was ever enacted. In 1967, the The Nazi ban on interracial marriage and interracial sex was enacted in as a race and forbade marriage and extramarital sexual relations at South Africa under apartheid also banned interracial marriage. The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1949 prohibited marriage between Marriage open to same-sex couples Legislation or court ruling establishing same-sex marriage, but the or domestic same-sex marriages Main article: Same-sex marriage As of 2018, same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by law marriages of same-sex couples validly entered into in other countries. Same-sex marriage is also due to soon become performed and recognized The introduction of same-sex marriage has varied by jurisdiction, being variously accomplished through legislative change to marriage law, a recognition of same-sex marriage is considered to be a human right and issue.^[112] The most prominent supporters of same-sex marriage are same-sex marriage, while many religious groups oppose it. Polls same-sex marriage in all developed democracies and in some developing The establishment of recognition in law for the marriages of same-sex Number of spouses in a marriage ^2Federal Eritrea: law bans polygamous marriage but certain countries polygamous marriages. predominantly Buddhist nation to allow for civil polygynous marriages, In various jurisdictions, a civil marriage may take place as part of the religious marriage ceremony, although they are theoretically distinct. Some jurisdictions allow civil marriages in circumstances marriages or civil unions. the legal rights and obligations of marriage; or to have a civil marriage deemed invalid and sinful by a religion. Similarly, a couple Marriage license, civil ceremony and registration A marriage is usually formalized at a wedding or marriage ceremony. The religious marriage (which is prohibited in some countries) – the ceremony is omitted, the marriage ceremony is not recognized as a marriage by government under the law. Some countries, such as Australia, permit marriages to be held in place of marriage formerly had to be a church or register office, but exception can be made in the case of marriage by special emergency Each religious authority has rules for the manner in which marriages marriages are recognised by the state, the officiator must also conform Common-law marriage See also: Common-law marriage In a small number of jurisdictions marriage relationships may be typical ceremonial marriage with legal contract, wedding ceremony, and other details, a common-law marriage may be called "marriage by habit and repute (cohabitation)." A de facto common-law marriage without a Various advocates of same-sex marriage, such as this protester at a same-sex marriage.^[124] recognized form of partnership similar to marriage. Beginning with countries, identical) to opposite-sex civil marriage. In some "Marriage of convenience" sometimes called a marriage of convenience or a sham marriage. For marriages, "Every year over 450,000 United States citizens marry citizen, it does not indicate the number of these marriages that are convenience marriages, which number could include some of those with has a marriage clause. Another example would be to save money on health marriages have a complex combination of conveniences motivating the parties to marry. A marriage of convenience is one that is devoid of marriages like these are punishable criminal offences.^[126] Contemporary legal and human rights criticisms of marriage expressing the criticism of marriages' effects on individual liberty. Main article: Criticism of marriage People have proposed arguments against marriage for reasons that Power and gender roles in marriage Feminist theory approaches opposite-sex marriage as an institution Traditional heterosexual marriage imposed an obligation of the wife to drawing parallels between marriage, an institution promoted as sacred, described marriage as "legal prostitution".^[130] Emma Goldman wrote in wedlock".^[131] Bertrand Russell in his book Marriage and Morals wrote that: "Marriage is for woman the commonest mode of livelihood, and the marriage than in prostitution."^[132] Angela Carter in Nights at the Circus wrote: "What is marriage but prostitution to one man instead of marriage – from the government, religious organizations, the media – which aggressively promote marriage as a solution for all social problems; such propaganda includes, for instance, marriage promotion in information about marriage, being presented only with the information marriage.^[136] In some American households, women internalize gender egalitarian or Peer Marriage in which power and labour are divided relationships.^[139] In recent years, egalitarian or Peer Marriages Sex outside of marriage relations outside marriage.^[146] There are non-secular states that marriage.^[citation needed] Sexual relations by a married person with activity outside marriage is illegal. relations outside marriage are at risk of becoming victims of honor Marriage and sexual violence An issue that is a serious concern regarding marriage and which has within marriage. Throughout much of the history, in most cultures, sex in marriage was considered a 'right', that could be taken by force laws against rape in marriage these laws are rarely enforced.^[citation Apart from the issue of rape committed against one's spouse, marriage "reputation" tarnished, a marriage with the rapist is arranged. This is Marriage laws, human rights and gender status The laws surrounding heterosexual marriage in many countries have come child marriage and forced marriage; require the permission of a husband for entering a marriage – namely that people cannot be forced to get recognized; therefore holding a person in a marriage against their will for divorce were not met, even if the marriage in question was Children born outside marriage marriage suffered severe social stigma and discrimination. In England born inside and outside marriage have largely been abolished, this is paternity similar to that of formal marriage. This is the case in Children born outside marriage have become more common, and in some outside marriage,^[207] and in the United States, in 2013, the figure conception or the bearing of children. In some cultures, marriage Marriage and religion “ Marriage is the union of two different surnames, in friendship and in Unsurprisingly, religious attitudes and practices relating to marriage unequivocal prescriptions for marriage, establishing both rituals and Rembrandt's depiction of Samson's marriage feast The Bahá'í Faith encourages marriage and views it as a mutually strengthening bond, but it is not obligatory. A Bahá'í marriage Main article: Christian views on marriage Christian marriages are based upon the teachings of Jesus and the Paul denominations regard marriage as a sacrament, sacred institution, or Council of Verona officially recognized marriage as a for celebrating a marriage: "Marriage vows did not have to be exchanged Decrees on marriage of the Roman Catholic Council of Trent (twenty-fourth session of 1563) made the validity of marriage dependent marriage, even if the other spouse was guilty of adultery.^[220] The Christian Church performed marriages in the narthex of the church consider marriage termed holy matrimony to be an expression of divine Sacred Mystery; Eastern Orthodox deacons may not perform marriages. Western Christians commonly refer to marriage as a vocation, while Marriage is commonly celebrated in the context of a Eucharistic service (a nuptial Mass or Divine Liturgy). The sacrament of marriage is marriage as a sacrament ordained by God,^[215] signifying the mystical marriage of Christ to his Church.^[225] celebration of marriage between two Catholics normally takes place Christ (Communion). Sacramental marriage confers a perpetual and marriage and conjugal love is ordered to the procreation and upbringing of offspring. Marriage creates rights and duties in the Church between the spouses and towards their children: "[e]ntering marriage with the Divorce and remarriage, while generally not encouraged, are regarded that a marriage after divorce be celebrated with a penitential overtone. With respect to marriage between a Christian and a pagan, the 19: 6 that married spouses who have consummated their marriage "are no sacramentally valid and consummated marriage, and its Codex Iuris marriage are unity and indissolubility; in [C]hristian marriage they 1057, §2 declares that marriage is "an irrevocable covenant".^[233] Therefore, divorce of such a marriage is a metaphysical, moral, and presumed "marriage" by declaring it to have been invalid from the marriage, in an annulment procedure,^[234] which is basically a For Protestant denominations, the purposes of marriage include intimate marriage to the status of a sacrament "because they did not regard A couple following their marriage in the Manti Utah Temple Since the 16th century, five competing models of marriage have shaped Protestant marriage and legal tradition: * Martin Luther saw marriage as a social "estate of the earthly * John Calvin taught that marriage was a covenant of grace that * Anglicans regarded marriage as a domestic commonwealth within had begun to develop a theology of marriage as opposed to the Roman Catholic model of marriage. These "regarded the interlocking believe that "marriage between a man and a woman is ordained of God and destiny of His children.^[238]" Their view of marriage is that family 'eternal marriage' which can be eternal only when authorized priesthood Christian attitudes to same-sex marriage Main article: Religious arguments about same-sex marriage marriages, many do, such as the Presbyterian Church (USA), some Same-sex marriage is recognized by various religious A Muslim bride of Pakistan origin signing the nikkah nama or marriage Islam also commends marriage, with the age of marriage being whenever the bride (wali) must both agree on the marriage. Should the guardian disagree on the marriage, it may not legally take place. If the wali of her into marriage even against her proclaimed will, if it is her first marriage. A guardian who is allowed to force the bride into marriage is responsibilities in a Muslim marriage are that the groom provide living in the marriage contract before the marriage actually takes place, so marriage. In Sunni Islam, marriage must take place in the presence of at least and the consent of the groom. Following the marriage, the couple may consummate the marriage. To create an 'urf marriage, it is sufficient concealment of the marriage as it is regarded as public notification In Shia Islam, marriage may take place without the presence of Following the marriage they may consummate their marriage.^[250] A Ketubah in Hebrew, a Jewish marriage-contract outlining the duties of Main article: Jewish views on marriage In Judaism, marriage is based on the laws of the Torah and is a marriage is also expected to fulfill the commandment to have between the spouses. Kabbalistically, marriage is understood to mean marriages, including those of Isaac (Gen 24:49–67), Jacob (Gen 29:27) Among ancient Hebrews, marriage was a domestic affair and not a is made, is distinct from marriage itself (nissu'in), with the time Main article: Marriage in Hinduism Hindu marriage ceremony from a Rajput wedding. A Nepali Hindu couple in marriage ceremony. Hinduism sees marriage as a sacred duty that entails both religious and different types of marriages and their categorization ranging from "Gandharva Vivaha" (instant marriage by mutual consent of participants normal (present day) marriages, to "Rakshasa Vivaha" ("demoniac" marriage, performed by abduction of one participant by the other In India and generally in South Asia, arranged marriages, the spouse's predominant in comparison with so called love marriages until nowadays. The Hindu Widow's Remarriage Act 1856 empowers a Hindu widow to Hindu arranged marriages.^[258] Main article: Buddhist view of marriage The Buddhist view of marriage considers marriage a secular affair and regarding marriage laid out by their respective governments. Gautama In a Sikh marriage, the couple walks around the Guru Granth Sahib holy Wiccan marriages are commonly known as handfastings. Although Marriage and health Main article: Marriage and health Marriage, like other close relationships, exerts considerable influence and surgery.^[261] Research on marriage and health is part of the quality of one's marriage, have been linked to diverse measures of The health-protective effect of marriage is stronger for men than research on marriage and health has focused on heterosexual couples; marriage.^[260] marriage, and in monogamous societies this allows the other partner to In some societies, a marriage can be annulled, when an authority declares that a marriage never happened. Jurisdictions often have provisions for void marriages or voidable marriages. A marriage may also be terminated through divorce. Countries that have About 45% of marriages in Britain^[267] and, according to a 2009 study, 46% of marriages in the U.S.^[268] end in divorce. History of marriage The history of marriage is often considered under History of the family Many cultures have legends concerning the origins of marriage. The way in which a marriage is conducted and its rules and ramifications has practised a form of marriage known as beena, in which a wife would own food, her clothing, and her duty of marriage, shall he not diminish(or needed] However, "duty of marriage" is also interpreted as whatever one See also: Marriage in ancient Rome and Ancient Greek wedding customs creation of a heterosexual marriage – only mutual agreement and the marriage. For example, there were superstitions that being married There were several types of marriages in ancient Roman society. The In this type of marriage, a woman lost her family rights of inheritance marriage known as sine manu. In this arrangement, the wife remained a did not gain any with the new family.^[292] The minimum age of marriage marriage; the same maturity, the same full growth is required: the finds, implying that the age of marriage coincided with puberty.^[296] Further information: History of the family and Royal intermarriage From the early Christian era (30 to 325 CE), marriage was thought of as bishop, that their marriage may be according to God, and not after with the church's consent was required for marriage.^[299] With few local exceptions, until 1545, Christian marriages in Europe Middle Ages, but the man denounced the marriage on the grounds that its institution annulled the marriage.^[303] According to the Charter of Navarre, the basic union consisted of a civil marriage with no priest session, required that a valid marriage must be performed by a priest marriages, which was not obligatory. There was no state involvement in marriage and personal status, with these issues being adjudicated in ecclesiastical courts. During the Middle Ages marriages were arranged, the Middle Ages, the idea of free choice in selecting marriage partners In Medieval Western Europe, later marriage and higher rates of definitive celibacy (the so-called "European marriage pattern") helped Medieval England saw marriage age as variable depending on economic circumstances, with couples delaying marriage until the early twenties Death, when there were labor shortages;^[304] by appearances, marriage and universal marriage (often in early adolescence)^[310] as well as The average age of marriage for most of Northwestern Europe from 1500 in urban areas,^[316] with the average age at first marriage rising and marriages were delayed or forgone when times were bad, thus restricting marriages.^[319] The age of marriage was not absolute, however, as child marriages * The 1552 CE marriage between John Somerford and Jane Somerford As part of the Protestant Reformation, the role of recording marriages and setting the rules for marriage passed to the state, reflecting Martin Luther's view that marriage was a "worldly thing".^[321] By the involvement in marriage. In England, under the Anglican Church, marriage by consent and 1753. This act instituted certain requirements for marriage, including A marriage in 1960 in Italy. Photo by Paolo Monti. decreed that a Roman Catholic marriage would be recognized only if the marriage ceremony was officiated by a priest with two witnesses. The marriage as "The conjugal union of man and woman, contracted between reformulated Christian marriage by enacting the Marriage Ordinance of church consecration to constitute marriage"^[215] for recognition. In England and Wales, Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act 1753 required a formal ceremony of marriage, thereby curtailing the practice of Fleet Marriage, an irregular or a clandestine marriage.^[323] These were clandestine or irregular marriages performed at Fleet Prison, and at hundreds of other places. From the 1690s until the Marriage Act of 1753 as many as 300,000 clandestine marriages were performed at Fleet Prison alone.^[324] The Act required a marriage ceremony to be officiated by registration. The Act did not apply to Jewish marriages or those of Quakers, whose marriages continued to be governed by their own customs. In England and Wales, since 1837, civil marriages have been recognized as a legal alternative to church marriages under the Marriage Act 1836. In Germany, civil marriages were recognized in 1875. This law permitted a declaration of the marriage before an official clerk of the civil constitute a legally recognized valid and effective marriage, and allowed an optional private clerical marriage ceremony. In contemporary English common law, a marriage is a voluntary contract institution of marriage has probably developed out of a primeval As of 2000, the average marriage age range was 25–44 years for men and Main article: Chinese marriage The mythological origin of Chinese heterosexual marriage is a story about Nüwa and Fu Xi who invented proper marriage procedures after marriage to reduce the potential risk of unintentional incest. Marrying graveyard. In a maternal marriage a male would become a son-in-law who The New Marriage Law of 1950 radically changed Chinese heterosexual marriage traditions, enforcing monogamy, equality of men and women, and choice in marriage; arranged marriages were the most common type of marriage in China until then. Starting October 2003, it became legal to diseases such as AIDS may now marry, marriage is still illegal for the * Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages 1. ^ Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in the Marriages entered into in these jurisdictions are recognized by law 2. ^ Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in the Netherlands proper. Marriages entered into there are recognized by 3. ^ Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in New 4. ^ Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in England, Northern Ireland. Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by South Sandwich Islands. Same-sex marriage is performed and 5. ^ Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in all 50 American Samoa. Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by marriage automatically becomes established by law in these British marriage and civil partnerships". Gender and Language. 11 nonethnocentric definition of marriage is a culturally sanctioned 4. ^ Oxford English Dictionary 11th Edition, "marriage" 6. ^ ^a ^b ^c Bell, Duran (1997). "Defining Marriage and Legitimacy" 7. ^ Gerstmann, Evan. Same-sex Marriage and the Constitution, p. 22 8. ^ Westermarck, Edward (2003-04-01). History of Human Marriage 1922. 9. ^ Westermarck, Edward (1936). The Future of Marriage in Western Marriage". Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and female-female marriage is done to keep property within a family Marriage". In Paul Bohannan & John Middleton. Marriage, Family and Definition of Marriage". Man. 55 (12): 183. doi:10.2307/2795331. 14. ^ Lung, Tang (2014). "Marriage of Inanna and Dumuzi". Ancient 32. ^ Murdock, 1949, p. 24. "group marriage or a marital union 33. ^ "Group Marriage". Encyclopædia Britannica. 34. ^ Child Marriage UNICEF (2011) 35. ^ "Q & A: Child Marriage and Violations of Girls' Rights – Human 37. ^ "Understanding State Statutes on Minimum Marriage Age and 39. ^ ^a ^b "Child marriages: 39,000 every day". WHO. Retrieved 7 43. ^ A Note on Child Marriage UNICEF (July 2012), p. 3 44. ^ Eskridge, William N. (1993). "A History of Same-Sex Marriage" 46. ^ Alderson, Kevin; Lahey, Kathleen A. (2004). Same-Sex Marriage: 48. ^ Kuefler, Mathew (2007). "The Marriage Revolution in Late Antiquity: The Theodosian Code and Later Roman Marriage Law". American Marriage" (PDF). Journal of Marriage and the Family. 66 Freedom First/All perks, no work in 'walking marriages'". Newsday. 56. ^ Karam, Souhail (21 July 2006). "Misyar offers marriage-lite in 58. ^ United Nations (2000). World Marriage Patterns 2000. Retrieved 26 http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldmarriage/worldma 65. ^ Shaw, B.D. (1992). "Explaining Incest: Brother-Sister Marriage in 66. ^ Hopkins, Keith (1980). "Brother-Sister Marriage in Roman Egypt". 67. ^ remijsen, sofie. "Incest or Adoption? Brother-Sister Marriage in 68. ^ Scheidel, W. "Brother-sister marriage in Roman Egypt" (PDF). 72. ^ Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976 Archived 7 March 2012 American Myth of Cousin Marriage. University of Illinois. Kinship and Marriage. London: KPI Limited. 82. ^ "Child Marriage Factsheet: State of World Population 2005". 95. ^ Korotayev, A. (2003). "Form of marriage, sexual division of 97. ^ Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R. (1983). Marriage, Family, and Marriage, Family, and Residence. The Natural History Press. including in the marriage ceremony the words, 'With all my worldly 100. ^ Gallagher, Maggie (2002). "What is Marriage For? The Public Purposes of Marriage Law" (PDF). Louisiana law review. 102. ^ Q & A: Child Marriage and Violations of Girls' Rights | Human 103. ^ WHO | Child marriages: 39,000 every day. 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"Disciplining Marriage: Gender, Power and ^ Evans, Tanya (2005) Women, Marriage and the Family, p. 64 in ^ Evans, Tanya, Women, Marriage and the Family, op. cit., in Barker, ^ Russell, Bertrand (1929). Marriage And Morals. ^ Hardisty, Jean (2008) Marriage as a cure for poverty?. Red Sun "Marriage Promotion" and Staff HHS with Appointees Who Value All Marriage", The Kaleidoscope of Gender, 2010 issues: marriage and divorce. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books. p. 11. bride price for violence in marriage". Islands Business. Archived from it was "wrong" to have a child outside marriage. Global Study of Family countries, children born outside marriage and their mothers face severe ^ Joice Melo Vieira. The Evolution of Births Outside of Marriage, ^ Smith, Peter (2000). "Marriage". A concise encyclopedia of the Marriage, Religion, and Law in the Western Tradition. Westminster John ^ "Religions – Christianity: Marriage and weddings". BBC. Marriage Customs of the World: From Henna to Honeymoons. 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Marriageat Wikipedia's sister projects * For Better, for Worse: British Marriages, 1600 to the Present John The Council of Trent on Marriage by the Catholic Church "Marriage – Its Various Forms and the Role of the State" on BBC Radio Radical Principles and the Legal Institution of Marriage: Domestic role of marriage, featuring Senator David Norris and Senator Rónán The Delights of Wisdom Concerning Marriage ("Conjugial") Love, After * Marriage Types of marriages * Marriage allowance * Royal intermarriage * Remarriage * Clerical marriage * Mariage blanc * Marriage license * Banns of marriage * Same-sex marriage * Marriage * Marriage vows * Posthumous marriage * Royal intermarriage * World Marriage Day * Marriage "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marriage&oldid=875915951" * Marriage