                                     c+1      a+l+f+h+r+s+    a+l+m+hkw+r+


         a+l+t+hkw+l+a+t+ a+l+a+g+t+m+a+e+y+ w+b+n+a+H' a+l+h+w+y+tm

              l+d+j+ a+l+sna+b+ a+l+t+w+n+s+y+ a+l+m+t+m+d+r+s+


                                                       aHhkm+d+ snb+snw+b+

   t+e+y+sn a+l+m+g+t+m+e+a+t+ a+l+e+r+b+y+tm m+n+dk e+c+r+ a+l+n+h+ddtm
   tkw+r+tm a+g+t+m+a+e+y+tm e+a+r+m+tm m+r+d+h+a+ z+hkf+ a+l+m+n+zHw+m+tm
   a+l+hkd+y+tktm^(1) e+l+j+ a+l+m+n+zHw+m+tm a+l+t+q+l+y+d+y+tm
   w+m+z+a+hkm+t+h+a+ l+h+a+. dkl+k+ aHn+ a+l+hkd+a+tktm l+a+ t+k+t+f+y+
   a+l+y+w+m+,+ d+a+x+l+ m+g+t+m+e+a+t+n+a+,+ b+a+l+t+w+a+g+d+ m+e+
   a+l+m+n+zHw+m+tm a+l+t+q+l+y+d+y+tm,+ b+l+ ahn+h+a+ aHc+b+hkt+
   t+z+a+hkm+h+a+ w+t+d+x+l+ a+l+a+r+t+b+a+k+ e+l+j+ h+y+a+k+l+h+a+,+
   w+h+w+ w+dde+ d+e+a+ d+. e+b+d+ a+l+m+g+y+d+ a+l+snr+f+y+ ahl+j+
   a+l+t+aHk+y+d+ e+l+j+ aHn+ "a+l+hkd+a+tktm t+wHtkr+ t+aHtky+r+a+
   s+l+b+y+a+ f+y+ a+l+b+n+j+ w+a+l+aHn+zHm+tm a+l+t+q+l+y+d+y+tm.
   w+f+e+l+a+ f+ahn+ a+l+n+zHa+m+ a+l+t+q+l+y+d+y+,+ x+a+c+tm e+n+d+m+a+
   y+k+w+n+ f+y+ f+t+r+tm a+n+hktja+tj,+ f+ahn+h+ y+s+q+tj f+y+
   a+l+r+t+a+b+tm w+a+l+t+k+r+a+r+,+ f+y+f+q+d+ g+a+dkb+y+t+h+ f+y+ zHr+f+
   y+k+w+n+ f+y+h+ a+l+t+i+y+r+ h+w+ a+l+q+a+e+d+tm. w+l+a+ aHd+l+ e+l+j+
   h+dkh+ a+l+zHa+h+r+tm m+n+ a+l+m+c+y+r+ a+l+dky+ e+r+f+t+h+ n+zHm+
   a+l+t+e+l+y+m+ a+l+e+t+y+q+tm e+l+j+ ahtkr+ a+t+c+a+l+h+a+
   b+a+l+aHn+zHm+tm a+l+t+r+b+w+y+tm a+l+hkd+y+tktm"^(2).

   w+m+n+ n+t+a+yHg+ h+dka+ a+l+t+d+a+x+l+ b+y+n+ a+l+m+n+zHw+m+t+y+n+
   w+d+x+w+l+h+m+a+ f+y+ t+n+a+zHr+ i+y+r+ m+snr+w+e+,+ a+l+a+r+t+b+a+k+
   a+l+dky+ y+tjr+aH e+l+j+ s+l+w+k+ a+l+f+a+e+l+y+n+
   a+l+a+g+t+m+a+e+y+y+n+ w+m+w+a+q+f+h+m+ w+q+y+m+h+m+
   w+a+x+t+y+a+r+a+t+h+m+,+ w+h+w+ m+a+ d+e+a+ a+l+s+w+s+y+w+l+w+g+y+
   a+l+m+c+r+y+ hks+n+ a+l+n+q+y+b+ ahl+j+ a+l+q+w+l+ b+aHn+ "a+l+tkw+r+tm
   f+y+ a+l+tkq+a+f+tm w+f+y+ a+l+m+e+l+w+m+a+t+ w+f+y+ aHn+m+a+tj
   a+l+a+s+t+h+l+a+k+ a+l+t+y+ aHd+x+l+t+h+a+ a+l+hkd+a+tktm f+y+
   m+g+t+m+e+a+t+n+a+ a+l+e+r+b+y+tm q+d+ aHf+r+z+t+ tkw+r+tm c+a+m+t+tm
   f+y+ a+l+q+y+m+ w+a+l+a+t+g+a+h+a+t+ w+f+y+ a+l+m+h+a+r+a+t+ a+l+t+y+
   y+hkt+a+g+h+a+ a+l+f+r+d+^(3)".

   w+m+n+ n+t+a+yHg+ h+dkh+ a+l+tkw+r+tm a+l+c+a+m+t+tm a+l+t+y+
   aHr+b+k+t+ a+l+m+n+zHw+m+tm a+l+t+q+l+y+d+y+tm w+aHd+x+l+t+ a+l+f+z+e+
   e+l+j+ q+y+m+h+a+,+ aHn+ a+l+sna+b+ a+l+e+r+b+y+ a+l+m+e+a+c+r+ f+q+d+
   a+l+tkw+a+b+t+ a+l+tkq+a+f+y+tm a+l+t+y+ y+b+n+y+ b+w+a+s+tjt+h+a+
   h+w+y+t+h+^(4). dkl+k+ aHn+ a+l+h+w+y+tm t+hkt+a+g+ ahl+j+ m+r+a+g+e+
   tkq+a+f+y+tm w+q+y+m+y+tm w+a+ddhktm w+tka+b+t+tm,+ y+e+t+m+d+h+a+
   a+l+f+r+d+ l+b+n+a+H' snx+c+y+t+h+. f+m+a+ h+y+ a+l+m+r+a+g+e+ a+l+t+y+
   y+g+d+h+a+ a+l+sna+b+ a+l+t+w+n+s+y+ m+tkl+a+ f+y+ w+s+tjh+
   a+l+a+g+t+m+a+e+y+ w+a+l+t+y+ s+y+e+t+m+d+ e+l+y+h+a+ l+b+n+a+H'
   h+w+y+t+h+?+ w+m+a+ h+y+ a+l+a+x+t+y+a+r+a+t+ w+a+l+q+y+m+ a+l+t+y+
   t+q+d+m+h+a+ l+h+ a+l+m+wHs+s+tm a+l+t+r+b+w+y+tm a+l+t+w+n+s+y+tm
   hkt+j+ t+e+y+n+h+ e+l+j+ b+n+a+H' snx+c+y+t+h+?+

   y+t+c+a+r+e+ f+y+ h+dkh+ a+l+hkl+b+tm tjr+f+a+n+ m+t+n+a+q+dda+n+:
   a+l+m+n+zHw+m+tm a+l+t+q+l+y+d+y+tm (w+t+m+r+r+ m+dda+m+y+n+h+a+
   m+n+a+h+g+ a+l+t+r+b+y+tm a+l+ahs+l+a+m+y+tm,+ w+a+l+aHd+b+
   a+l+q+d+y+m+…) w+a+l+m+n+zHw+m+tm a+l+hkd+y+tktm (w+t+m+r+r+
   m+dda+m+y+n+h+a+ m+n+a+h+g+ a+l+e+l+w+m+ w+a+l+e+l+w+m+
   a+l+a+g+t+m+a+e+y+tm^(5)).

   f+k+y+f+ y+t+l+q+j+ a+l+sna+b+ a+l+t+w+n+s+y+ h+dkh+ a+l+m+wHtkr+a+t+
   a+l+m+t+b+a+y+n+tm w+h+l+ y+wHtkr+ dkl+k+ f+y+ a+l+t+m+sny+a+t+
   a+l+t+y+ y+q+w+m+ b+h+a+ h+dka+ a+l+aHx+y+r+ l+b+n+a+H' h+w+y+t+h+?+

   a+l+h+w+y+tm f+y+ t+c+w+r+ a+l+m+snr+e+:

   n+g+d+ f+y+ q+a+n+w+n+ g+w+y+l+y+h+ 1991^(6) ahsna+r+a+t+ e+d+y+d+tm
   ahl+j+ a+l+h+w+y+tm k+m+a+ y+t+c+w+r+h+a+ a+l+m+snr+e+ a+l+t+w+n+s+y+,+
   w+h+y+ h+w+y+tm m+b+n+y+tm e+l+j+ a+l+m+f+h+w+m+ a+l+m+e+a+c+r+
   l+l+aHm+tm-a+l+d+w+l+tm. l+n+q+r+aH a+l+f+c+l+ a+l+aHw+l+ m+n+
   a+l+q+a+n+w+n+ a+l+m+dkk+w+r+:

   "y+h+d+f+ a+l+n+zHa+m+ a+l+t+r+b+w+y+,+ f+y+ ahtja+r+ a+l+h+w+y+tm
   a+l+w+tjn+y+tm a+l+t+w+n+s+y+tm w+a+l+a+n+t+m+a+H' a+l+hkdda+r+y+
   a+l+e+r+b+y+ a+l+ahs+l+a+m+y+ ahl+j+ t+hkq+y+q+ a+l+i+a+y+a+t+
   a+l+t+a+l+y+tm:

   ++ t+m+k+y+n+ a+l+n+a+snyHtm,+ m+n+dk hkd+a+tktm e+h+d+h+a+
   b+a+l+hky+a+tm,+ m+m+a+ y+g+b+ aHn+ t+t+e+l+m+h+ hkt+j+ y+t+r+s+x+
   f+y+h+a+ a+l+w+e+y+ b+a+l+h+w+y+tm a+l+w+tjn+y+tm a+l+t+w+n+s+y+tm
   w+y+n+m+w+ l+d+y+h+a+ a+l+hks+ a+l+m+d+n+y+ w+a+l+sne+w+r+
   b+a+l+a+n+t+m+a+H' a+l+hkdda+r+y+ w+tjn+y+a+ w+m+i+a+r+b+y+a+
   w+e+r+b+y+a+ w+ahs+l+a+m+y+a+,+ w+y+d+e+m+ e+n+d+h+a+ a+l+t+f+t+hk
   e+l+j+ a+l+hkd+a+tktm w+a+l+hkdda+r+tm a+l+ahn+s+a+n+y+tm.

   ++ t+m+k+y+n+ a+l+m+t+e+l+m+y+n+ m+n+ aht+q+a+n+ a+l+l+i+tm
   a+l+e+r+b+y+tm b+c+f+t+h+a+ a+l+l+i+tm a+l+w+tjn+y+tm.

   ++ g+e+l+ a+l+m+t+e+l+m+y+n+ y+hkdkq+w+n+ l+i+tm aHg+n+b+y+tm e+l+j+
   a+l+aHq+l+".(a+l+f+c+l+ a+l+aHw+l+).

   w+m+n+ a+l+w+a+ddhk aHn+ a+l+m+snr+e+ y+g+e+l+ a+l+h+w+y+tm
   a+n+t+m+a+H' w+tjn+y+a+ ahl+j+ t+w+n+s+ aHw+l+a+,+ m+e+
   a+l+m+sna+r+k+tm f+y+ m+hky+tja+t+ s+y+a+s+y+tm w+tkq+a+f+y+tm aHw+s+e+
   (m+tkl+ a+l+a+t+hka+d+ a+l+m+i+a+r+b+y+,+ a+l+e+a+l+m+ a+l+e+r+b+y+
   ("a+l+aHm+tm" a+l+e+r+b+y+tm)^(7) w+a+l+tkq+a+f+tm a+l+ahs+l+a+m+y+tm
   (l+a+ a+l+aHm+tm a+l+ahs+l+a+m+y+tm),+ tka+n+y+a+.

   h+dka+ w+y+wHk+d+ a+l+n+c+ b+c+f+tm c+r+y+hktm e+l+j+ a+l+b+e+d+
   a+l+ahn+s+a+n+y+ l+l+h+w+y+tm a+l+t+w+n+s+y+tm: f+a+l+t+w+n+s+y+,+
   hks+b+ a+l+m+snr+e+,+ y+g+b+ aHn+ y+k+w+n+ m+t+g+dkr+a+ f+y+ h+w+y+t+h+
   a+l+w+tjn+y+tm,+ m+t+f+t+hka+ f+y+ n+f+s+ a+l+w+q+t+ e+l+j+
   a+l+hkdda+r+tm a+l+ahn+s+a+n+y+tm,+ l+dkl+k+ n+r+j+ q+a+n+w+n+
   g+w+y+l+y+h+ 1991 y+wHk+d+ f+y+ m+w+dde+ m+t+q+d+m+ e+l+ q+y+m+
   a+l+t+f+t+hk e+l+j+ a+l+i+y+r+ w+a+l+a+e+t+d+a+l+ w+a+l+t+s+a+m+hk,+
   ahl+j+ g+a+n+b+ t+aHk+y+d+h+ e+l+j+ hkdkq+ a+l+l+i+a+t+
   a+l+aHg+n+b+y+tm a+l+t+y+ t+x+w+l+ l+l+sna+b+ a+l+t+w+n+s+y+
   a+l+a+tjl+a+e+ a+l+m+b+a+snr+ e+l+j+ a+l+f+k+r+ a+l+e+a+l+m+y+ m+n+
   n+a+hky+tm,+ w+m+w+a+k+b+t+h+ w+a+l+m+s+a+h+m+tm f+y+h+ m+n+ n+a+hky+tm
   aHx+r+j+.

   w+h+w+ m+w+q+f+ y+x+t+l+f+ e+n+ m+w+q+f+ a+l+m+snr+e+ x+l+a+l+
   a+l+s+b+e+y+n+a+t+ w+b+d+a+y+tm a+l+tkm+a+n+y+n+a+t+,+ hky+tk aHn+
   a+l+n+c+w+c+ a+l+r+s+m+y+tm a+l+c+a+d+r+tm e+n+ w+z+a+r+tm
   a+l+t+r+b+y+tm a+l+w+tjn+y+tm k+a+n+t+ t+t+hkd+tk aMn+dka+k+ e+n+
   a+l+h+w+y+tm a+l+e+r+b+y+tm a+l+ahs+l+a+m+y+tm.

   aHm+a+ ahdka+ a+n+t+q+l+n+a+ ahl+j+ a+l+m+n+a+h+g+ a+l+r+s+m+y+tm
   l+l+t+e+l+y+m+ a+l+tka+n+w+y+ (k+m+a+ g+a+H't+ f+y+ ahc+l+a+hk 1991)
   f+ahn+n+a+ n+l+a+hkzH aHn+^(8) a+l+m+snr+e+ y+ddb+tj l+d+r+s+
   "a+l+h+w+y+tm" a+l+m+hkt+w+y+a+t+ a+l+t+a+l+y+tm:

   ++ "a+l+a+e+t+z+a+z+ b+m+k+w+n+a+t+ a+l+h+w+y+tm a+l+w+tjn+y+tm,+

   ++ a+l+w+hkd+tm a+l+q+w+m+y+tm,+

   ++ a+l+t+e+l+q+ b+t+e+a+l+y+m+ a+l+ahs+l+a+m+,+

   ++ a+l+t+e+l+q+ b+w+hkd+tm a+l+m+i+r+b+ a+l+e+r+b+y+,+

   ++ a+l+a+n+t+m+a+H' ahl+j+ a+l+aHs+r+tm a+l+e+r+b+y+tm.

   w+y+q+e+ a+l+a+e+t+m+a+d+ h+n+a+ e+l+j+ a+l+f+q+r+t+y+n+ a+l+aHw+l+j+
   w+a+l+tka+n+y+tm m+n+ t+w+tjyHtm a+l+d+s+t+w+r+ w+e+l+j+ a+l+f+c+w+l+
   a+l+aHw+l+ w+a+l+tka+n+y+ w+a+l+tka+m+n+ w+a+l+e+a+snr+ m+n+
   a+l+d+s+t+w+r+".

   w+y+wHk+d+ n+c+ a+l+m+n+a+h+g+ a+l+r+s+m+y+tm m+r+tm aHx+r+j+ e+l+j+
   ddr+w+r+tm w+e+y+ a+l+sna+b+ a+l+t+w+n+s+y+ b+a+l+h+w+y+tm
   a+l+w+tjn+y+tm aHw+l+a+,+ m+e+ a+l+a+n+t+m+a+H' ahl+j+ f+dda+H'a+t+
   s+y+a+s+y+tm w+tkq+a+f+y+tm aHw+s+e+ tka+n+y+a+.

   w+n+l+a+hkzH aHn+ a+l+n+c+ y+s+t+e+m+l+ e+b+a+r+tm "a+l+aHs+r+tm
   a+l+e+r+b+y+tm" e+w+dd m+f+h+w+m+ "a+l+aHm+tm a+l+e+r+b+y+tm"
   a+l+m+s+t+e+m+l+ f+y+ m+n+a+h+g+ a+l+b+l+d+a+n+ a+l+snr+q+y+tm
   m+tkl+a+,+ w+dkl+k+ l+a+e+t+b+a+r+a+t+ s+y+a+s+y+tm w+a+ddhktm
   t+e+w+d+,+ b+a+l+n+s+b+tm l+l+t+w+n+s+y+y+n+ ahl+j+ a+l+s+t+y+n+a+t+.

   w+m+q+a+b+l+ dkl+k+,+ y+s+t+e+m+l+ a+l+n+c+ e+b+a+r+tm "a+l+w+hkd+tm
   a+l+q+w+m+y+tm" w+y+sny+r+ b+dkl+k+ ahl+j+ t+w+n+s+,+ k+m+g+m+w+e+tm
   b+snr+y+tm l+h+a+ m+q+w+m+a+t+ tkq+a+f+y+tm w+s+y+a+s+y+tm m+t+m+y+z+tm
   w+m+snr+w+e+ m+g+t+m+e+y+ (h+w+ m+snr+w+e+ a+l+m+g+t+m+e+ a+l+m+d+n+y+)
   a+l+dky+ y+t+f+q+ e+l+j+ a+l+s+e+y+ l+t+hkq+y+q+h+ aHi+l+b+
   a+l+t+w+n+s+y+y+n+^(9).

   aHm+a+ a+l+a+n+t+m+a+H' ahl+j+ a+l+ahs+l+a+m+ f+h+w+ l+a+ y+m+tkl+
   b+a+l+n+s+b+tm l+l+m+snr+e+ a+n+t+m+a+H'a+ s+y+a+s+y+a+ (k+m+a+ h+w+
   a+l+snaHn+ b+a+l+n+s+b+tm l+l+d+e+a+tm ahl+j+ ahq+a+m+tm a+l+aHm+tm
   a+l+ahs+l+a+m+y+tm) b+l+ a+n+t+m+a+H'a+ e+q+a+yHd+y+a+:
   f+a+l+t+w+n+s+y+,+ b+c+f+t+h+ m+s+l+m+a+,+ y+t+e+l+q+ b+c+f+tm
   tjb+y+e+y+tm b+t+e+a+l+y+m+ a+l+ahs+l+a+m+ k+d+y+n+.

   w+y+t+ddhk m+n+ t+hkl+y+l+ h+dkh+ a+l+n+c+w+c+,+ aHn+ a+l+m+snr+e+
   a+l+t+w+n+s+y+ y+tjw+r+ m+f+h+w+m+a+ m+t+m+y+z+a+ l+l+h+w+y+tm: f+f+y+
   x+ddm+ a+l+c+r+a+e+ a+l+tkq+a+f+y+ a+l+q+a+yHm+ d+a+x+l+
   m+g+t+m+e+a+t+n+a+ a+l+e+r+b+y+tm b+y+n+ a+l+m+n+zHw+m+tm
   a+l+hkd+y+tktm w+a+l+m+n+zHw+m+tm a+l+t+q+l+y+d+y+tm,+ n+r+j+
   a+l+m+snr+e+ y+m+y+l+ f+y+ t+hkd+y+d+h+ l+h+w+y+tm a+l+t+w+n+s+y+
   ahl+j+ q+y+m+ a+l+hkd+a+tktm aHk+tkr+ m+n+ m+y+l+h+ ahl+j+ q+y+m+
   a+l+t+q+l+y+d+,+ m+e+ a+l+hkr+c+ e+l+j+ w+dde+ h+dkh+ a+l+h+w+y+tm
   a+l+w+tjn+y+tm f+y+ m+hky+tjh+a+ a+l+m+i+a+r+b+y+ w+a+l+e+r+b+y+
   w+a+l+ahs+l+a+m+y+^(10). w+y+t+ddhk dkl+k+ f+y+ t+aHk+y+d+h+ e+l+j+
   ddr+w+r+tm a+n+c+h+a+r+ a+l+sna+b+ a+l+t+w+n+s+y+ f+y+ "a+l+aHm+tm
   a+l+d+w+l+tm" m+e+ m+sna+r+k+t+h+ f+y+ a+l+hkdda+r+tm
   a+l+ahn+s+a+n+y+tm.

   f+k+y+f+ y+e+y+sn a+l+sna+b+ a+l+t+w+n+s+y+ h+dkh+ a+l+q+ddy+tm?+ aHw+
   b+e+b+a+r+tm aHx+r+j+ k+y+f+ y+hkd+d+ a+l+sna+b+ a+l+t+w+n+s+y+
   h+w+y+t+h+?+ w+n+hkn+ ahdk n+tjr+hk h+dka+ a+l+s+wHa+l+,+
   f+l+a+q+t+n+a+e+n+a+ b+aHn+ a+l+sna+b+ a+l+t+w+n+s+y+ l+a+ y+t+aHtkr+
   b+a+l+m+wHs+s+tm a+l+t+r+b+w+y+tm f+hks+b+,+ b+l+ w+b+w+s+a+yHl+
   a+l+ahe+l+a+m+ k+dkl+k+ (a+l+t+w+n+s+y+tm w+a+l+snr+q+y+tm
   w+a+l+aHw+r+w+b+y+tm) w+h+y+ q+n+w+a+t+ l+a+ t+e+r+f+ d+a+yHm+a+
   a+l+h+w+y+tm k+m+a+ t+e+r+f+h+a+ b+h+ a+l+m+wHs+s+tm a+l+t+r+b+w+y+tm.

   a+l+h+w+y+tm m+n+ m+n+zHw+r+ a+l+snb+a+b+ n+f+s+h+:

   f+y+ b+hktk q+m+n+a+ b+h+ s+n+tm 1994 m+e+ e+y+n+tm m+n+ a+l+snb+a+b+
   a+l+t+w+n+s+y+ t+t+r+a+w+hk aHe+m+a+r+h+m+ b+y+n+ 18 w+ 20 s+n+tm,+
   s+aHl+n+a+ a+l+m+s+t+g+w+b+y+n+ a+l+aHs+yHl+tm a+l+t+a+l+y+tm:

   1 ++ m+a+ h+y+ a+l+aHf+k+a+r+ a+l+t+y+ t+t+b+a+d+r+ ahl+j+ dkh+n+k+
   e+n+d+ dkk+r+ e+b+a+r+tm a+l+h+w+y+tm?+

   2 ++ e+r+f+ h+w+y+t+k+ a+l+tkq+a+f+y+tm f+y+ g+m+l+t+y+n+?+

   3 ++ b+m+a+dka+ t+w+hky+ l+k+ e+b+a+r+tm aHw+r+w+b+a+?+

   4 ++ h+l+ y+m+k+n+ l+k+ t+hkd+y+d+ e+b+a+r+tm a+l+h+w+y+tm
   a+l+w+tjn+y+tm?+

   5 ++ k+y+f+ t+hkd+d+ m+w+q+f+k+ m+n+ a+l+tkq+a+f+tm a+l+e+r+b+y+tm
   a+l+ahs+l+a+m+y+tm m+n+ n+a+hky+tm,+ w+a+l+tkq+a+f+tm a+l+i+r+b+y+tm
   m+n+ n+a+hky+tm aHx+r+j+?+

   f+g+a+H't+ aHg+w+b+t+h+m+ k+a+l+t+a+l+y+:

   t+e+r+y+f+ a+l+h+w+y+tm l+d+j+ a+l+snb+a+b+ a+l+t+w+n+s+y+
   a+l+m+n+t+m+y+ ahl+j+ a+l+g+a+m+e+tm

   ++ e+d+d+ a+l+m+s+t+g+w+b+y+n+: 60 w+l+d+a+ w+ 70 b+n+t+a+.

   ++ c+f+t+h+m+: t+l+a+m+dktm b+a+l+t+e+l+y+m+ a+l+e+a+l+y+.

   ++ z+m+n+ a+l+a+s+t+g+w+a+b+: n+w+f+m+b+r+ 1994.

   g+d+w+l+ e+d+d+ 1

                                                            a+l+f+yHa+t+

   dkk+r+


                                                            aHn+tkj+


                                                            a+l+m+g+m+w+e+



                                                            t+w+a+t+r+

   %

   t+w+a+t+r+

   %

   t+w+a+t+r+

   %

   1-a+l+h+w+y+tm w+a+l+m+g+m+w+e+tm

   1.1-a+l+m+q+w+m+a+t+ a+l+tkq+a+f+y+tm l+l+m+g+m+w+e+tm

   20



   12


                                                            32

   6,+37%

   2.1-a+l+snx+c+y+tm a+l+g+m+a+e+y+tm

   5


                                                            3


                                                            8

   4,+9%

   3.1-a+l+aHc+a+l+tm,+ a+l+t+g+dkr+ f+y+ a+l+tkq+a+f+tm

   9


                                                            6


                                                            15

   6,+17%

   4.1-a+l+t+m+w+q+e+ b+a+l+n+s+b+tm l+l+tkq+a+f+a+t+ a+l+aHx+r+j+

   7


                                                            7


                                                            14

   4,+16%

   5.1-a+l+a+n+t+m+a+H' ahl+j+ a+l+tkq+a+f+tm a+l+e+r+b+y+tm
   a+l+ahs+l+a+m+y+tm

   10


                                                            6


                                                            16

   19%

   m+g+m+w+e+ (1)

   51


                                                            34


                                                            85

   5,+61%

   2 - a+l+h+w+y+tm w+a+l+f+r+d+

   1.2-a+l+a+n+t+m+a+H' a+l+snx+c+y+ ahl+j+ a+l+tkq+a+f+tm

   8


                                                            14


                                                            22

   5,+41%

   2.2-a+l+snx+c+y+tm a+l+f+r+d+y+tm

   5


                                                            7


                                                            12

   5,+22%

   3.2-ahtkb+a+t+ a+l+dka+t+

   0


                                                            5


                                                            5

   5,+9%

   4.2-a+l+h+w+y+tm a+l+ahd+a+r+y+tm

   2


                                                            12


                                                            14

   5,+26%

   m+g+m+w+e+ (2)

   15


                                                            38


                                                            53

   5,+38%

   a+l+m+g+a+m+y+e+

   66


                                                            72


                                                            138

   100%

   m+q+a+r+n+tm aHg+w+b+tm a+l+dkk+w+r+ b+aHg+w+b+tm a+l+ahn+a+tk


                                           a+l+h+w+y+tm w+a+l+m+g+m+w+e+tm

   a+l+h+w+y+tm w+a+l+f+r+d+

   a+l+m+g+m+w+e+

   dkk+w+r+

   51

   78%

   15

   22%

   66

   ahn+a+tk

   34

   47%

   38

   53%

   72

   a+l+m+g+a+m+y+e+

   85

   53

   138

   g+d+w+l+ e+d+d+2

   y+t+ddhk l+n+a+ m+n+ m+q+a+r+n+tm a+l+aHg+w+b+tm a+l+w+a+r+d+tm e+l+j+
   a+l+g+d+w+l+y+n+ a+l+s+a+b+q+y+n+ aHm+r+a+n+ aHs+a+s+y+a+n+:

   *ahn+ n+s+b+tm hkd+y+tk a+l+m+s+t+g+w+b+y+n+ e+n+ a+l+h+w+y+tm
   "k+a+n+t+m+a+H' ahl+j+ m+g+m+w+e+tm" aHe+l+j+ m+n+ n+s+b+tm
   hkd+y+tkh+m+ e+n+ a+l+h+w+y+tm "k+t+hkd+y+d+ l+snx+c+y+tm a+l+f+r+d+".
   w+y+e+w+d+ dkl+k+ hks+b+ f+r+ddy+t+n+a+ ahl+j+ k+w+n+ a+l+sna+b+
   a+l+t+w+n+s+y+ t+hkr+k+h+ q+y+m+ a+l+m+n+zHw+m+tm a+l+t+q+l+y+d+y+tm
   (a+l+t+y+ t+m+y+l+ tjb+y+e+y+a+ ahl+j+ t+f+ddy+l+ a+l+m+g+m+w+e+tm
   e+l+j+ a+l+f+r+d+ (a+l+t+y+ t+d+e+w+ a+l+m+n+a+h+g+ a+l+r+s+m+y+tm
   ahl+j+ t+aHs+y+s+h+a+). w+h+w+ n+w+e+ m+n+ a+l+a+x+t+y+a+r+
   a+l+l+a+w+a+e+y+ a+l+dky+ y+q+w+m+ b+h+ a+l+sna+b+ a+l+t+w+n+s+y+
   l+l+ahg+a+b+tm e+n+ a+l+m+f+a+ddl+tm a+l+t+y+ t+tjr+hkh+a+ e+l+y+h+
   a+l+m+m+a+r+s+tm a+l+a+g+t+m+a+e+y+tm a+l+m+t+aHr+g+hktm b+y+n+ q+y+m+
   a+l+t+q+l+y+d+ w+a+l+hkd+a+tktm (a+n+zHr+ t+hka+l+y+l+n+a+
   a+l+s+a+b+q+tm).

   w+f+y+ h+dka+ a+l+c+d+d+ t+t+b+w+aH f+yHtm "a+l+m+q+w+m+a+t+
   a+l+tkq+a+f+y+tm l+l+m+g+m+w+e+tm" (1.1) a+l+m+n+z+l+tm a+l+aHw+l+j+
   f+y+ a+l+f+yHtm a+l+k+b+r+j+(1),+ b+n+s+b+tm t+t+e+d+j+ tkl+tk
   a+l+m+g+m+w+e+(6,+37%). w+y+q+c+d+ h+n+a+ b+a+l+m+q+w+m+a+t+
   a+l+tkq+a+f+y+tm l+l+m+g+m+w+e+tm: a+l+l+i+tm w+a+l+d+y+n+ w+a+l+e+r+q+
   w+a+l+t+a+r+y+x+ a+l+m+snt+r+k+,+ w+a+l+m+e+t+q+d+a+t+…,+ ahl+j+ i+y+r+
   dkl+k+ m+n+ a+l+m+q+w+m+a+t+ a+l+t+y+ t+m+y+z+ a+l+m+g+t+m+e+a+t+
   b+e+ddh+a+ e+n+ b+e+dd.

   w+f+y+ h+dka+ a+l+ahtja+r+ t+t+n+z+l+ f+yHtm "a+l+a+n+t+m+a+H' ahl+j+
   a+l+tkq+a+f+tm a+l+e+r+b+y+tm a+l+ahs+l+a+m+y+tm "a+l+m+r+t+b+tm
   a+l+tka+n+y+tm,+ w+dkl+k+ b+a+l+r+i+m+ m+n+ t+aHk+y+d+ a+l+m+n+a+h+g+
   a+l+r+s+m+y+tm e+l+j+ e+k+s+ dkl+k+,+ aHw+ m+n+ aHg+l+ dkl+k+).

   w+aHx+y+r+a+ n+dkk+r+ a+l+aHh+m+y+tm a+l+n+s+b+y+tm l+l+f+yHtm (4.1)
   a+l+m+e+n+w+n+tm: "a+l+t+m+w+q+e+ b+a+l+n+s+b+tm l+l+tkq+a+f+a+t+
   a+l+aHx+r+j+". f+a+l+sna+b+ a+l+t+w+n+s+y+ y+hkd+d+ h+w+y+t+h+
   b+a+l+a+x+t+l+a+f+ e+n+ a+l+tkq+a+f+a+t+ a+l+aHx+r+j+ w+x+a+c+tm
   a+l+tkq+a+f+tm a+l+i+r+b+y+tm. w+y+dkk+r+n+a+ h+dka+ a+l+m+w+q+f+
   b+a+l+m+l+a+hkzHtm a+l+f+tjn+tm a+l+t+y+ b+d+aH b+h+a+ a+l+aHs+t+a+dk
   e+b+d+ a+l+l+h+ a+l+e+r+w+y+ k+t+a+b+h+ a+l+ahy+d+y+w+l+w+g+y+tm
   a+l+e+r+b+y+tm a+l+m+e+a+c+r+tm:

   "ahn+ a+l+e+r+b+y+ a+l+m+e+a+c+r+ y+hkd+d+ m+w+q+f+h+ b+a+l+n+zHr+
   ahl+j+ a+l+aMx+r+. w+l+q+d+ k+a+n+ h+dka+ a+l+aMx+r+ y+s+m+j+ f+y+
   a+l+q+r+w+n+ a+l+w+s+tjj+ "a+l+m+s+y+hky+tm",+ f+aHc+b+hk a+l+y+w+m+
   y+s+m+j+ "a+l+i+r+b+" (c+ 16).

   *w+a+l+m+l+a+hkzHtm a+l+tka+n+y+tm t+x+c+ a+l+m+q+a+r+n+tm b+y+n+
   aHg+w+b+tm a+l+dkk+w+r+ w+aHg+w+b+tm a+l+ahn+a+tk.

   ++ ahn+ a+l+dkk+w+r+ y+m+y+l+w+n+ ahl+j+ a+l+t+e+r+y+f+ a+l+g+m+a+e+y+
   l+l+h+w+y+tm aHk+tkr+ m+n+ m+y+l+h+m+ ahl+j+ a+l+t+e+r+y+f+
   a+l+f+r+d+y+ (78% m+q+a+b+l+ 22%) aHm+a+ a+l+ahn+a+tk f+ahn+h+m+
   y+m+l+n+ ahl+j+ a+l+t+e+r+y+f+ a+l+f+r+d+y+ aHk+tkr+ m+n+ m+y+l+h+n+
   ahl+j+ a+l+t+e+r+y+f+ a+l+g+m+a+e+y+ l+l+snx+c+y+tm (53% m+q+a+b+l+
   47%). w+y+f+s+r+ h+dka+ a+l+a+x+t+l+a+f+ hks+b+ n+zHr+n+a+
   b+a+l+a+x+t+y+a+r+a+t+ a+l+ahy+d+y+w+l+w+g+y+tm l+k+l+ tjr+f+ m+n+
   a+l+tjr+f+y+n+ a+l+m+t+w+a+g+d+y+n+: f+a+l+f+t+a+tm t+m+y+l+ i+a+l+b+a+
   ahl+j+ q+y+m+ a+l+hkd+a+tktm l+aHn+h+a+ q+y+m+ t+hkr+r+h+a+ m+n+
   a+l+w+dde+ a+l+d+w+n+y+ a+l+dky+ t+k+r+s+h+a+ f+y+h+ a+l+m+n+zHw+m+tm
   a+l+t+q+l+y+d+y+tm. aHm+a+ a+l+f+t+j+ f+ahn+h+ y+x+t+a+r+ l+a+
   sne+w+r+y+a+ q+y+m+ a+l+aHc+a+l+tm l+aHn+h+a+ t+k+r+s+ e+n+d+h+
   m+n+z+l+tm a+l+r+g+l+ a+l+m+t+f+w+q+tm^(11)^n^

   h+w+a+m+++++sn:

   1 - t+e+r+f+ a+l+hkd+a+tktm e+l+j+ aHn+h+a+ "n+m+tj m+n+ a+l+t+n+zHy+m+
   a+l+a+q+t+c+a+d+y+ w+a+l+a+g+t+m+a+e+y+ w+a+l+s+y+a+s+y+,+ zHh+r+
   b+a+l+i+r+b+ x+l+a+l+ a+l+q+r+n+ 18. w+y+q+a+b+l+h+ a+l+n+m+tj
   a+l+t+q+l+y+d+y+" (a+l+m+w+s+w+e+tm a+l+e+a+l+m+y+tm)

   2 - e+b+d+ a+l+m+g+y+d+ a+l+snr+f+y+: a+l+ahs+l+a+m+ w+a+l+hkd+a+tktm,+
   a+l+d+a+r+ a+l+t+w+n+s+y+tm l+l+n+snr+,+ c+ 26.

   3 - x+l+d+w+n+ hks+n+ a+l+n+q+y+b+: a+l+m+snk+l+ a+l+t+r+b+w+y+
   w+a+l+tkw+r+tm a+l+c+a+m+t+tm,+ f+y+ m+g+l+tm a+l+m+s+t+q+b+l+
   a+l+e+r+b+y+,+ aHw+t+ 1993,+ c+ 68.

   4 - t+e+r+f+ a+l+h+w+y+tm e+l+j+ aHn+h+ dkl+k+ "a+l+t+m+sny+ a+l+dky+
   y+q+w+m+ b+h+ a+l+f+r+d+ l+b+n+a+H' m+x+t+l+f+ m+zHa+h+r+ snx+c+y+t+h+
   s+w+a+H' k+a+n+t+ h+dkh+ a+l+m+zHa+h+r+ hka+l+y+tm aHm+ m+a+ddy+tm aHm+
   m+s+t+q+b+l+y+tm,+ w+f+y+ a+l+m+zHa+h+r+ a+l+t+y+ y+hkd+d+ b+h+a+
   a+l+f+r+d+ dka+t+h+ aHw+ y+q+b+l+ aHn+ y+hkd+d+ b+h+a+"
   (k+a+m+y+l+l+r+y+).

   w+y+q+w+l+ d+w+r+k+a+y+m+ m+hkl+l+a+ a+l+e+l+a+q+tm b+y+n+ a+l+h+w+y+tm
   a+l+f+r+d+y+tm w+a+l+h+w+y+tm a+l+g+m+a+e+y+tm: "y+w+g+d+ f+y+ k+l+
   m+n+a+ k+a+yHn+a+n+: k+a+yHn+ f+r+d+y+ w+y+t+k+w+n+ m+n+ a+l+m+sna+e+r+
   w+a+l+aHhka+s+y+s+ a+l+t+y+ t+t+c+l+ b+a+l+hky+a+tm a+l+x+a+c+tm m+n+
   n+a+hky+tm,+ w+k+a+yHn+ a+g+t+m+a+e+y+ w+y+t+k+w+n+ m+n+ m+n+zHw+m+tm
   a+l+aHf+k+a+r+ w+a+l+m+sna+e+r+ w+a+l+e+a+d+a+t+ a+l+t+y+ t+e+b+r+
   f+y+n+a+ e+n+ a+l+m+g+m+w+e+tm m+n+ n+a+hky+tm aHx+r+j+. w+ahn+
   t+l+a+hkm+ h+dky+n+ a+l+w+g+h+y+n+ h+w+ a+l+dky+ y+k+w+n+ a+l+k+a+yHn+
   a+l+a+g+t+m+a+e+y+" (d+w+r+k+a+y+m+: a+l+t+r+b+y+tm w+e+l+m+
   a+l+a+g+t+m+a+e+,+ c+ 51).

   5 - a+l+t+a+r+y+x+ w+a+l+g+i+r+a+f+y+a+ w+a+l+t+r+b+y+tm a+l+w+tjn+y+tm
   w+a+l+f+l+s+f+tm.

   6 - w+h+w+ a+l+q+a+n+w+n+ - a+l+ahtja+r+ a+l+dky+ w+q+e+t+
   a+l+m+c+a+d+q+tm e+l+y+h+ m+n+ tjr+f+ m+g+l+s+ a+l+n+w+a+b+
   a+l+t+w+n+s+y+ f+y+ 29 g+w+y+l+y+tm 1991. w+y+ddb+tj h+dka+
   a+l+q+a+n+w+n+ a+l+i+a+y+a+t+ a+l+k+b+r+j+ l+l+n+zHa+m+ a+l+t+r+b+w+y+
   a+l+t+w+n+s+y+. w+m+n+ a+l+m+l+a+hkzH f+y+ h+dka+ a+l+c+d+d+ aHn+
   h+dka+ a+l+q+a+n+w+n+ q+d+ w+q+e+t+ c+y+a+i+t+h+ b+e+d+
   a+l+a+s+t+sna+r+tm a+l+k+b+r+j+ a+l+t+y+ t+l+t+ a+l+a+ddtjr+a+b+a+t+
   a+l+aHc+w+l+y+tm a+l+t+y+ k+a+d+t+,+ x+l+a+l+ a+l+tkm+a+n+y+n+a+t+,+
   aHn+ t+e+tjl+ m+s+y+r+tm a+l+m+wHs+s+tm a+l+t+r+b+w+y+tm.

   7 - l+q+d+ k+a+n+t+ t+w+n+s+ m+n+dk a+l+s+t+y+n+a+t+ t+r+f+dd
   a+l+a+n+c+h+a+r+ f+y+ m+g+m+w+e+a+t+ tkq+a+f+y+tm w+s+y+a+s+y+tm
   w+a+s+e+tm hkt+j+ w+l+w+ t+w+q+f+ dkl+k+ f+y+ m+s+t+w+j+
   a+l+n+w+a+y+a+,+ m+tkl+ "a+l+aHm+tm a+l+e+r+b+y+tm" w+"a+l+aHm+tm
   a+l+ahs+l+a+m+y+tm". aHm+a+ a+s+t+e+m+a+l+ e+b+a+r+tm a+l+tkq+a+f+tm
   a+l+ahs+l+a+m+y+tm (e+w+dd a+l+aHm+tm a+l+ahs+l+a+m+y+tm) f+h+w+
   y+m+tkl+ ahg+a+b+tm c+r+y+hktm ddd+ aHtjr+w+hka+t+ a+l+aHc+w+l+y+y+n+
   a+l+d+a+e+y+tm ahl+j+ a+n+c+h+a+r+ t+w+n+s+ f+y+ a+l+m+g+m+w+e+tm
   a+l+ahs+l+a+m+y+tm a+l+k+b+r+j+.

   8 - n+g+d+ f+y+ m+n+a+h+g+ a+l+t+r+b+y+tm a+l+w+tjn+y+tm l+l+s+n+tm
   a+l+r+a+b+e+tm ahsna+r+tm ahl+j+ a+l+h+w+y+tm f+y+ d+r+s+:
   a+l+tkq+a+f+tm,+ hky+tk y+q+w+l+ a+l+n+c+ a+l+r+s+m+y+:
   "a+l+a+e+t+z+a+z+ b+a+l+r+c+y+d+ a+l+tkq+a+f+y+ l+l+m+g+t+m+e+ m+e+
   a+l+t+f+t+hk e+l+j+ a+l+tkq+a+f+a+t+ a+l+aHx+r+j+".

   9 - a+n+zHr+ n+c+ a+l+m+y+tka+q+ a+l+w+tjn+y+,+ n+snr+ w+z+a+r+tm
   a+l+ahe+l+a+m+,+ t+w+n+s+ 1990.

   10 - ahn+ a+l+d+a+r+s+ l+t+a+r+y+x+ a+l+m+wHs+s+tm a+l+t+r+b+w+y+tm
   b+t+w+n+s+ y+l+a+hkzH aHn+ a+x+t+y+a+r+a+t+ a+l+hkd+a+tktm t+e+w+d+
   f+y+ b+l+a+d+n+a+ ahl+j+ m+n+t+c+f+ a+l+q+r+n+ a+l+t+a+s+e+ e+snr+:
   f+q+d+ aHs+s+ aHhkm+d+ b+a+sna+ b+a+y+ m+d+r+s+tm b+w+l+y+t+a+k+n+y+k+
   s+n+tm 1840,+ w+aHs+s+ a+l+w+z+y+r+ x+y+r+ a+l+d+y+n+ a+l+m+d+r+s+tm
   a+l+c+a+d+q+y+tm s+n+tm 1875,+ w+h+m+a+ m+wHs+s+t+a+n+ e+c+r+y+t+a+n+
   t+e+l+m+a+n+ a+l+n+snH' a+l+l+i+a+t+ a+l+aHg+n+b+y+tm w+a+l+e+l+w+m+
   a+l+w+dde+y+tm. w+q+d+ s+a+h+m+t+ a+l+m+d+r+s+tm a+l+a+s+t+e+m+a+r+y+tm
   b+d+a+y+tm m+n+ 1883 f+y+ ahdkk+a+H' h+dka+ a+l+t+w+g+h+ a+l+hkd+a+tky+
   d+a+x+l+ a+l+m+wHs+s+tm a+l+t+r+b+w+y+tm a+l+t+w+n+s+y+tm. w+s+n+r+j+
   ahc+l+a+hk t+w+f+m+b+r+ 1958 y+k+r+s+ h+dka+ a+l+t+w+g+h+ a+l+hkd+y+tk
   l+l+m+n+zHw+m+tm a+l+t+r+b+w+y+tm.

   11 - f+y+ b+hktk q+a+m+ b+h+ a+l+aHs+t+a+dk a+l+sna+dkl+y+
   a+l+f+y+t+w+r+y+,+ b+d+a+y+tm a+l+tkm+a+n+y+n+a+t+,+ hkw+l+ c+w+r+tm
   a+l+l+i+t+y+n+ a+l+e+r+b+y+tm w+a+l+f+r+n+s+y+tm l+d+j+ a+l+snb+a+b+
   a+l+t+w+n+s+y+ a+l+m+t+m+d+r+s+,+ y+l+a+hkzH a+l+b+a+hktk m+y+l+a+
   c+r+y+hka+ l+l+f+t+a+tm n+hkw+ a+l+l+i+tm a+l+f+r+n+s+y+tm,+
   w+a+n+hky+a+z+a+ w+a+ddhka+ l+l+f+t+j+ ahl+j+ a+l+l+i+tm
   a+l+e+r+b+y+tm.

   (Cf. FITOURY: Bilinguisme, biculturalisme et éducation, Ed. Delachaux
   et Niestlé, Neuchatel; 1984).


   a+l+m+r+a+g+e+:

   ++ m+g+l+tm a+l+w+hkd+tm,+ e+d+d+ 5,+ f+y+f+y+r+y+ 1985 (e+d+d+ x+a+c+
   hkw+l+ a+l+h+w+y+tm)

   ++ a+l+f+k+r+ a+l+e+r+b+y+ a+l+m+e+a+c+r+,+ e+d+d+ 17,+ g+a+n+f+y+ 1982
   (e+d+d+ x+a+c+)

   ++ m+g+l+tm m+w+a+q+f+,+ e+d+d+ 65,+ x+r+y+f+ 1991 (e+d+d+ x+a+c+)

   ++ e+f+y+f+ a+l+b+w+n+y+: a+l+hkq+ f+y+ a+l+h+w+y+tm,+ m+tjb+e+tm
   l+a+b+r+y+s+,+ t+w+n+s+,+ 1992

   ++ f+wHa+d+ m+w+s+j+,+ a+l+b+hktk e+n+ a+l+h+w+y+tm a+l+e+r+b+y+tm f+y+
   m+g+l+tm a+l+w+hkd+tm,+ e+d+d+ 13,+ f+y+f+r+y+ 1989.

   ++ x+l+d+w+n+ hks+n+ a+l+n+q+y+b+,+ a+l+m+snk+l+ a+l+t+r+b+w+y+
   w+a+l+tkw+r+tm a+l+c+a+m+t+tm f+y+ m+g+l+tm a+l+m+s+t+q+b+l+
   a+l+e+r+b+y+,+ aHw+t+ 1993.

   ++ aHhkm+d+ snb+snw+b+,+ a+l+m+r+a+h+q+,+ m+tja+b+e+ a+l+y+w+n+s+k+w+,+
   e+m+a+n+,+ 1985

   ++ aHhkm+d+ snb+snw+b+,+ a+l+t+r+b+y+tm b+y+n+ a+l+t+e+l+y+m+
   w+a+l+t+e+l+m+,+ t+w+n+s+,+ 1994.

   ++ w+z+a+r+tm a+l+t+r+b+y+tm,+ a+l+n+zHa+m+ a+l+t+r+b+w+y+,+ t+w+n+s+
   1991.

   ++ w+z+a+r+tm a+l+ahe+l+a+m+,+ a+l+m+y+tka+q+ a+l+w+tjn+y+,+ t+w+n+s+,+
   1990.

   ++ m+hkm+d+ e+a+b+d+ a+l+g+a+b+r+y+,+ a+l+f+k+r+ a+l+e+r+b+y+
   a+l+m+e+a+c+r+,+ m+r+k+z+ a+l+ahn+m+a+H' a+l+e+r+b+y+,+ b+y+r+w+t+.

   -MUCCHIELLI, Al: L’identité, que sais-je, 1989.

   -GRUNER, Roger: Des maghrebins à la recherche de leur identité
   culturelle in l’Afrique et l’Asie modernes, n° 142, automne 1984.

   -LOULOU, Dune Marie: Modernité et identités culturelles in Aires
   régionales méditéranéennes, Ed Alif, Tunis 1992.

   -FITOURY, Ch. : Bilinguisme, biculturalisme et Education, Ed. Delachaux
   et Niestlé, Neuchatel, 1984.

   -HIDIYA, Mustapha: Identité et socialisation de l’enfant marocain,
   Rabat, 1992.
