Encodage utilisé (INPUT) : UTF-8 Forme recherchée : source _________________________________________________________________________________________________ * Ligne n°46 : When creating or editing articles, it's best to be mindful of the source of the information you are using. Different kinds of sources should be treated differently in different kinds of articles. * Ligne n°63 : * 4 Contradictions between sources * Ligne n°70 : The "canon" is the body of work which constitutes the accepted official events and items of the show's world. The term "canon" originally referred to an officially sanctioned body of church laws and scriptures, and was used to distinguish from works which were not recognized by the church, like the Gospel of Thomas. The same idea applies to the notion of "canon" in fandoms: it distinguishes information that is established as being "true" in the world of the show from information which has been reported by other sources but not confirmed. * Ligne n°72 : For Heroes, the only official canon source is actual broadcast episodes. Any information that does not appear on screen is not considered part of the Heroes canon. * Ligne n°78 : The Webisodes, which are written and produced by the show's writing staff, are reliable non-canon source. * Ligne n°82 : The Graphic Novels, which are also written and produced alongside each episode by the show's writing staff, are reliable non-canon source. Still, it's technically possible that the writers could at any point contradict information from the graphic novels in a broadcast episode. When using information from a graphic novel, be sure to clearly label it as coming from a graphic novel. This will make it easier for readers unfamiliar with the graphic novels to identify the source of any information. * Ligne n°90 : Some non-canon information comes from the creators and broadcasters of the show. Such official sources are generally more reliable than unofficial sources, such as fans, entertainment media, and bloggers. Official sources include things like Greg Beeman's blog, the NBC.com website, comicbookresources's Behind the Eclipse series, and information from Heroes Evolutions. Other official sources include interviews with the show's creators. * Ligne n°94 : A credible source is a source that, while not a part of canon, is generally believed to be reliable. Credible sources are usually official sources, but not all official sources are credible. For example, the photo captions on NBC.com, while official, have been proven unreliable on several occasions. Some photos are from scenes which were not included in broadcast episodes, and one caption even mistakenly stated that D.L. was The Haitian. * Ligne n°98 : Unofficial sources include other websites, magazines, newspapers, and television programs. Although such sources often focus on unbroadcast information and thus fall more under the umbrella of "published spoilers" or "fan theories", some include information about aired episodes as well. This includes things like IMDb's cast listings for broadcast episodes. Some unofficial sources are more credible than others. * Ligne n°104 : Published spoilers are information about upcoming episodes or unaired details which are published by an established source, such as an entertainment media magazine or website. It also includes aired promotional spots and trailers for upcoming episodes. * Ligne n°106 : It's important to label spoilers appropriately (using the {{spoiler}} or {{unairedspoiler}} templates) for a few reasons. First, it allows readers to avoid reading information about upcoming episodes that they do not wish to see by warning them, and second, it makes it clear that the information is speculative. Even the most credible spoiler from the most reliable official source can still change before the episode in question airs. * Ligne n°114 : Information from canon sources can be used anywhere within any article, so long as it doesn't contradict another canon or non-canon source. It is not necessary to cite a canon source (in other words, the episode), but you can do so if you believe it will make the information more clear or easier to find. Remember to cite canon sources either parenthetically or in a section title to maintain in-world perspective if appropriate. Information from the graphic novels can also be used freely within articles, but should always be cited as coming from the relevant graphic novel. Information from Heroes Evolutions should be confined to Heroes Evolutions-specific sections, if used in the body of an article, or labeled as coming from Heroes Evolutions with a parenthetical citation, if used in a notes section. * Ligne n°116 : Parenthetical citations should always be in parentheses. The namespace should not be used in a parenthetical citation. For instance, the cite should read (Genesis) or (Monsters), not (Episode:Genesis) or (Graphic Novel:Monsters). Likewise, if citing Heroes Evolutions as a source, the cite should read (Heroes Evolutions) (not italicized). As well, iStory citations only need to mention the iStory's name, not the chapter number or title; iStory titles do not need to be italicized. An iStory cite should read (Faction Zero). * Ligne n°118 : If only one source is being cited, the cite can be placed after the period at the end of the sentence or sentences. If more than one source is referenced, the citation should go before the period for each sentence. For example: * Ligne n°123 : All other information is technically speculation. All speculative information should be labeled as such and a source should be given. Credible and official sources are generally acceptable in Notes sections. All spoilers should be confined to spoiler articles, and published spoilers should be distinguished from fan-created or fan-reported spoilers. * Ligne n°127 : Contradictions between sources * Ligne n°129 : Where a non-canon source contradicts a canon source, or multiple non-canon sources contradict one another, the standard treatment of sources is sufficient: canon and near-canon sources can be used freely throughout the article, while the conflicting non-canon information should be confined to Notes sections and clearly labeled as to its source. However, when two canon sources contradict one another, each statement would require another canon source to be wrong, meaning either statement requires speculation, and neither can legitimately be treated as a canon source without requiring an explanation of the conflict. Since such an explanation necessarily breaks the article's in-world perspective, it should be confined to the Notes section. * Ligne n°133 : Articles which relate to the real-world (for example, cast and crew biographies) obviously do not need canon sources. For such articles, it's generally sufficient to use information from published, credible, or official sources. * Ligne n°142 : * View source Encodage utilisé (INPUT) : UTF-8 Forme recherchée : source _________________________________________________________________________________________________ * Ligne n°40 : After being panned for using unnamed sources, journalists seem to have switched to just replaying official communiqués from the government. Once upon a time, the stories used to rely exclusively on first hand reporting, and by that I mean talking to multiple people belonging to differing factions, visiting the place of action, and all mixed with the little wisdom gleaned from one's own "sources." * Ligne n°42 : Today all that has changed, and what has been left of reporting is quotes from public statements from the government or other official or publicly authorized sources. What is even more alarming is that often the bankrupt official versions are juxtaposed with first-hand reporting to sabotage what the journalists have gleaned first hand. Of course this farce is only perpetrated when it suits the narrow political aims of the news organization or the journalist. Take for example the recent shameful reporting on the Lebanese conflict by The New York Times, which took care to always weave in an official Israeli government reaction to any news about casualties in Lebanon. The paragraphs went something like this: So many civilians died when an apartment building collapsed in a particular town. Israeli army has said that the building was being used as a Hezbollah hideout. * Ligne n°44 : Whatever the truth may have been there, it should have been arrived with due care, mixed with reporting from the scene, and talking to multiple people. For what does and empty line of an official source really tell us? Why does it become part of reporting? A journalist's job is to analyze and assimilate multiple sources and piece together what really happened. It is not to quote Israeli or Hezbollah sources. Including direct quotes from official sources or including a summary of the official line uncritically in the midst of first-hand reporting amounts to perversion of the basic principles of journalism. * Ligne n°79 : What can you do about this - be skeptical, use multiple sources for your news, if a newsperson then they need to verify from multiple sources where possible and if not possible use caveants when reporting. * Ligne n°98 : The best we can do as consumers is get our news from multiple sources and try to be aware of when we're paying attention to a media source because it's informing us, and when we're paying attention because we like the way it spews back and reinforces our own prejudices and paranoias . . . Encodage utilisé (INPUT) : UTF-8 Forme recherchée : source _________________________________________________________________________________________________ * Ligne n°75 : My suspicions about official sources * Ligne n°100 : When a body of opinion inside government - or inside the mainstream political process - challenges the official version of events, journalists will present competing analyses. But dissidents from outside the establishment lack the standing and resources to sustain an alternative narrative. Unless they have a leading position in a significant opposition party, anyone who is out of office, even if they were once in office, can be depicted as out-of-touch, deranged and embittered. American journalism's greatest triumph, Watergate, merely proves the point. Deep Throat, without whom the story would have died, turned out to be No 2 at the FBI. * Ligne n°102 : The US press, which critics such as John Lloyd of the Reuters Institute would like our papers to emulate, has the bigger problem. It propagated bigger lies - for example, that Saddam was linked to 9/11 - with greater success and, because it lacks the competitive spur of the UK market, presents a more homogeneous view. To some extent, the US press is a victim of its virtuous insistence on rigour. American journalists have it drummed into them from youth that everything they write must be properly sourced. Whatever the evidence to the contrary, newspapers tend to assume, on most subjects, that official sources are the most "proper" ones. * Ligne n°104 : Even the best British papers have no cause for complacency, however, and unlike the New York Times and Washington Post, they haven't apologised for misleading readers. What was going on at Abu Ghraib, for example? Most Iraqis - and they should know - would call it torture. So would most continental newspapers. But analysis by American academics shows the term was used far less frequently by the British press (including the Guardian) and hardly at all by the US press. In both countries, official sources insisted incidents at Abu Ghraib were "abuses", committed by "rogue elements". None of this would matter so much if the press showed signs of learning lessons. But the official narrative on Iran - that it is striving to acquire nuclear weapons while arming terrorists in Iraq - is as unchallenged now as the narrative about WMDs before the Iraq war. So is the narrative that all violence in Iraq is caused by a combination of al-Qaida, Iranian meddling, sectarian fanaticism and * Ligne n°292 : Peter Wilby: My suspicions about official sources * Ligne n°452 : BBC rejects deal on naming dossier source Encodage utilisé (INPUT) : UTF-8 Forme recherchée : source _________________________________________________________________________________________________ * Ligne n°56 : An unnamed source has claimed a New England Patriots employee secretly videotaped the St. Louis Rams' pregame walk-through the day before Super Bowl XXXVI, the Boston Herald reported Saturday. * Ligne n°58 : According to the report, an unnamed source close to the team during the 2001 season said that following the Patriots' walk-through at the Louisiana Superdome, a member of the team's video staff stayed behind and taped the Rams' walk-through * Ligne n°61 : The cameraman was not asked to identify himself or produce a press pass and later rode the media shuttle back to the Patriots' hotel, the source told the Herald. It is not known what became of the tape, or whether the cameraman made the tape on his own initiative or at someone else's instruction, according to the report. * Ligne n°73 : Former Rams quarterback Kurt Warner, currently with the Arizona Cardinals, told Fish that if the league has heard those claims, he is surprised it has not spoken to former Patriots video department employee Matt Walsh. He said if Walsh or any other source has information, it should be investigated. * Ligne n°412 : * Resources Encodage utilisé (INPUT) : UTF-8 Forme recherchée : source _________________________________________________________________________________________________ * Ligne n°4 : Protection of sources * Ligne n°9 : The protection of sources, sometimes also referred to as the confidentiality of sources or in the U.S. as the reporter's privilege, is a right accorded to journalists under the laws of many countries, as well as under international law. Simply put, it means that the authorities, including the courts, cannot compel a journalist to reveal the identity of an anonymous source for a story. The right is based on a recognition that without a strong guarantee of anonymity, many people would be deterred from coming forward and sharing information of public interests with journalists. As a result, problems such as corruption or crime might go undetected and unchallenged, to the ultimate detriment of society as a whole. * Ligne n°21 : A famous instance of the use of an anonymous source is the series of articles by Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein which uncovered the Watergate Scandal, ultimately leading to the resignation of US President Richard Nixon. Woodward and Bernstein relied extensively on information provided by someone known to the world only under the nickname Deep Throat. Only in 2005 did W. Mark Felt, who at the time had been Associate Director of the US Federal Bureau of Investigation, reveal that he was "Deep Throat". * Ligne n°23 : Woodward and Bernstein were not forced to invoke the protection of sources, since the US authorities made no attempt to uncover the identity of "Deep Throat". An example of the legal operation of the right is the case of Bart Mos and Joost de Haas, of the Dutch daily De Telegraaf. In an article in January 2006, the two journalists alleged the existence of a leak in the Dutch secret services and quoted from what they claimed was an official dossier on Mink Kok, a notorious criminal. They further alleged that the dossier in question had fallen into the hands of Kok himself. A subsequent police investigation led to the prosecution of Paul H., an agent accused of selling the file in question. Upon motions by the prosecution and the defence, the investigative judge in the case ordered the disclosure of the source for the news story, on the grounds that it was necessary to safeguard national security and ensure a fair trial for H. The two journalists were subsequently detained for * Ligne n°24 : refusing to comply with the disclosure order, but were released on appeal after three days, on November 30. The Hague district court considered that the national security interest served by the order was minor and should not prevail over the protection of sources.^[1] * Ligne n°28 : Various authorities in international law point to a recognition that a right to protection of sources is implicit in the right to freedom of expression. * Ligne n°30 : In Europe, the European Court of Human Rights stated in the 1996 case of Goodwin v. United Kingdom that "[p]rotection of journalistic sources is one of the basic conditions for press freedom ... Without such protection, sources may be deterred from assisting the press in informing the public on matters of public interest. As a result the vital public-watchdog role of the press may be undermined and the ability of the press to provide accurate and reliable information may be adversely affected."^[2] The Court concluded that absent "an overriding requirement in the public interest", an order to disclose sources would violate the guarantee of free expression in Article 10^[3] of the European Convention on Human Rights. * Ligne n°32 : In the wake of Goodwin, the Council of Europe's Committee of Ministers issued a Recommendation to its member states on how to implement the protection of sources in their domestic legislation.^[4] The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe has also called on states to respect the right.^[5] * Ligne n°34 : In the Americas, protection of sources has been recognised in the Inter-American Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression^[6], which states in Principle 8 that "every social communicator has the right to keep his/her source of information, notes, personal and professional archives confidential." * Ligne n°36 : In Africa, the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights has adopted a Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa which includes a right to protection of sources under Principle XV.^[7] * Ligne n°40 : 1. ^ 'Dutch court releases 2 reporters jailed for refusing to reveal their sources' - International Herald Tribune, November 30, 2006 * Ligne n°43 : 4. ^ Recommendation No. R (2000)7 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the right of journalists not to disclose their sources of information * Ligne n°56 : * ECtHR case law factsheet on the protection of journalistic sources * Ligne n°57 : * Amicus Curiae brief in Goodwin v. United Kingdom, providing an overview of European domestic law on protection of sources - ARTICLE 19 and Interights * Ligne n°59 : Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_of_sources" Encodage utilisé (INPUT) : UTF-8 Forme recherchée : source _________________________________________________________________________________________________ * Ligne n°6 : One of the major stories for newspaper journalists and press critics in 2005 was the role of anonymous sourcing. Much of the discussion came in the aftermath of Judith Miller’s imprisonment and the controversy that surrounded the way both Miller and her newspaper, The New York Times, acted to preserve the anonymity of her government sources. Earlier, there had been controversy over the paper’s reporting on WMDs in Iraq , much of it, including work by Miller, also based on anonymous sourcing. * Ligne n°8 : And heading into 2006, both the House of Representatives and the Senate were debating federal shield laws that would ensure journalists privilege to keep their sources confidential unless there were threats to the country’s national security. As of early February 2006, the bills were awaiting committee hearings.6 [1] * Ligne n°10 : What are the public’s attitudes toward confidential sources? Overall, survey research suggests public support for using them, though perhaps case by case. Despite broad support in general, the public raises concerns about the accuracy of stories that rely on confidential sources. * Ligne n°12 : Nearly 6 in 10 (59%) agree that reporters should keep their sources secret even when ordered by a court to reveal them, according to survey research conducted almost immediately after the D.C. Circuit of the U.S. Court of Appeals ruled against both Matt Cooper of Time Magazine and Judith Miller.7 [2] * Ligne n°14 : Moreover, just 19% say reporters should always reveal their sources, which suggests most of the public understands the societal benefits of confidential sources.8 [3] * Ligne n°16 : Still, the public expresses some concern about the potential impact of relying on anonymous sources. According to the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, a majority, 52%, believe it is “too risky” for news organizations to use unnamed sources because it can result in faulty or unreliable information. But 44% thought it was “okay” to do so.9 [4] Other research found that 9 in 10 (89%) think it’s wise to question the accuracy of news stories that include anonymous sources.10 [5] Encodage utilisé (INPUT) : UTF-8 Forme recherchée : source _________________________________________________________________________________________________ * Ligne n°52 : Veteran UFO researcher Robert VanDerClock has confirmed that he has met with and seen the credentials of an anonymous source who disclosed that a secret UN meeting had taken place on February 12 that discussed UFOs and extraterrestrial life. In a February 13 article first announcing the secret UN meeting, the anonymous source disclosed that the meeting was called in response to national governments concerns about increases in global UFO sightings. In a later article, the anonymous source, henceforth referred to as “Source A”, disclosed a time table existed for full disclosure of extraterrestrial life by 2017. In a phone interview conducted with me on March 25, VanDerClock confirmed that he had met with Source A approximately one year earlier. At the time, Source A was accompanied by the same two New York researchers, Clay and Shawn Pickering, who were responsible for the initial release of information concerning the February 12 meeting. Encodage utilisé (INPUT) : UTF-8 Forme recherchée : source _________________________________________________________________________________________________ * Ligne n°14 : Yemen will not allow foreign troops on its soil: official source * Ligne n°18 : Yemeni soldiers checks drivers identity cards and searches for weapons, at a checkpoint in capital San'a. The official source said Yemen “will not accept any terrorist on its soil”. Photo: AP * Ligne n°19 : AP Yemeni soldiers checks drivers identity cards and searches for weapons, at a checkpoint in capital San'a. The official source said Yemen “will not accept any terrorist on its soil”. Photo: AP * Ligne n°21 : Yemen will not allow any foreign troops on its territory to fight al-Qaeda, a government official source said in remarks published on Thursday. * Ligne n°23 : “Yemen has never and will never accept any foreign troops on its territories,” the source said, quoted by the Defence Ministry’s weekly newspaper, the 26 September. * Ligne n°27 : The Yemeni source said that “fighting terrorism is a Yemeni interest in the first instance.” He said the Arab country “will continue its unabated open war against the terrorist elements and outlaws and it is capable of pursuing those terrorist elements,” the unnamed source said. * Ligne n°29 : The source also said Yemen “will not accept any terrorist on its soil” and that the country “will not become a safe haven for terrorists.” Yemeni Prime Minister Ali Mujawar will represent Yemen in the gathering that will bring together representatives from governments of 21 countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, Arab Gulf, Russia, Germany, Spain, France, Canada, Italy and the Netherlands. Encodage utilisé (INPUT) : UTF-8 Forme recherchée : source _________________________________________________________________________________________________ * Ligne n°81 : Government targets journalists' sources * Ligne n°88 : The government was finalising proposals on a section of the Criminal Procedure Act that could force journalists to reveal confidential sources, Minister of Justice Jeff Radebe told the SA National Editors Forum (Sanef). * Ligne n°284 : You are here: IOL | Breaking News | South Africa News | World News | Sport | Business | Entertainment | IOL.co.za / News / Politics / Government targets journalists' sources Encodage utilisé (INPUT) : UTF-8 Forme recherchée : source _________________________________________________________________________________________________ * Ligne n°24 : and leaks provided by official sources, are too often unwilling to * Ligne n°25 : risk alienating these sources with truly critical coverage. Nor are Encodage utilisé (INPUT) : UTF-8 Forme recherchée : source _________________________________________________________________________________________________ * Ligne n°14 : The Saudi-financed satellite television Al-Arabiya, citing unnamed Saudi sources, said BlackBerry's Canadian makers have agreed in principle to grant access to Saudi authorities to decipher its messenger exchanges between users. * Ligne n°38 : Industry sources said a Saudi-RIM deal could serve as a model for other countries with similar concerns, especially the business-orientated UAE which has said its decision was "final" although open to negotiation. Encodage utilisé (INPUT) : UTF-8 Forme recherchée : source _________________________________________________________________________________________________ * Ligne n°25 : Two suspicious packages found abroad that were bound for Jewish organizations in the United States contained a massive amount of explosive material that -- had the suspected terror plot not been thwarted -- would have triggered a powerful blast, a source close to the investigation said Friday. * Ligne n°37 : One suspicious package, found at the UK's East Midlands Airport, contained a "manipulated" toner cartridge and had white powder on it as well as wires and a circuit board, a law enforcement source said. A similar package set to be shipped on a FedEx cargo plane was discovered in Dubai, the law enforcement source and Dubai officials said. * Ligne n°41 : The source close to the investigation said the type of material found in the devices was PETN, a highly explosive organic compound belonging to the same chemical family as nitroglycerin. Just six grams of PETN is enough to blow a hole in the fuselage of an aircraft. * Ligne n°45 : By comparison, the source said the two devices found Friday contained multiple times more PETN. The source also said it appears the devices were designed to be detonated by a cell phone with the help of a smaller amount of a second unidentified explosive substance.