Lyrics, Rhythm of Life Lyrics [1]Sweet Charity soundtrack, Sweet Charity lyrics Browse by soundtrack Search in soundtracks Browse by artist name [2]A [3]B [4]C [5]D [6]E [7]F [8]G [9]H [10]I [11]J [12]K [13]L [14]M [15]N [16]O [17]P [18]Q [19]R [20]S [21]T [22]U [23]V [24]W [25]X [26]Y [27]Z [28]# ____________ Search [29]A [30]B [31]C [32]D [33]E [34]F [35]G [36]H [37]I [38]J [39]K [40]L [41]M [42]N [43]O [44]P [45]Q [46]R [47]S [48]T [49]U [50]V [51]W [52]X [53]Y [54]Z [55]# [0.gif] - Rhythm of Life Lyrics Ensemble: Daddy started out in San Francisco, Tootin' on his trumpet loud and mean, Suddenly a voice said, "Go forth Daddy, Spread the picture on a wider screen." And the voice said, "Brother, there's a million pigeons Ready to be hooked on new religions. Hit the road, Daddy, leave your common-law wife. Spread the religion of The Rhythm Of Life." And The Rhythm Of Life is a powerful beat, Puts a tingle in your fingers and a tingle in your feet, Rhythm in your bedroom, Rhythm in the street, Yes, The Rhythm Of Life is a powerful beat, To feel The Rhythm Of Life, To feel the powerful beat, To feel the tingle in your fingers, To feel the tingle in your feet, Daddy, spread the gospel in Milwaukee, Took his walkie talkie to Rocky Ridge, Blew his way to Canton, then to Scranton, Till he landed under the Manhattan Bridge. Daddy was the new sensation, got himself a congregation, Built up quite an operation down below. With the pie-eyed piper blowing, while the muscatel was flowing, All the cats were go, go, go-ing down below. Daddy was the new sensation, got himself a congregation, Built up quite an operation down below. With the pie-eyed piper blowing, while the muscatel was flowing, All the cats were go, go, go-ing down below. Flip your wings and fly to Daddy, Flip your wings and fly to Daddy, Flip your wings and fly to Daddy, Fly, fly, fly to Daddy, Take a dive and swim to Daddy, Take a dive and swim to Daddy, Take a dive and swim to Daddy, Swim, swim, swim to Daddy Hit the floor and crawl to Daddy, Hit the floor and crawl to Daddy, Hit the floor and crawl to Daddy, Crawl, crawl, crawl to Daddy, And The Rhythm Of Life is a powerful beat, Puts a tingle in your fingers and a tingle in your feet, Rhythm in your bedroom, Rhythm in the street, Yes, The Rhythm Of Life is a powerful beat, To feel The Rhythm Of Life, To feel the powerful beat, To feel the tingle in your fingers, To feel the tingle in your feet, To feel The Rhythm Of Life, To feel the powerful beat, To feel the tingle in your fingers, To feel the tingle in your feet, Flip your wings and fly to Daddy, Take a dive and swim to Daddy, Hit the floor and crawl to Daddy, Daddy we got The Rhythm Of Life, Of life, of life, of life. Yeah! Yeah! Yeah! Man! 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Music Of Other Climes [7]page up: The Rhythm Of Life | by Charles Brodie Patterson [8]next page: Music Of Other Climes. Part 3 [trans_pix.gif] [trans_pix.gif] Music Of Other Climes. Part 2 [trans_pix.gif] [trans_pix.gif] [trans_pix.gif] [trans_pix.gif] [trans_pix.gif] [trans_pix.gif] Search ______________ Search Titles * [9]Animals * [10]Architecture * [11]Arts * [12]Business * [13]Computers * [14]Crafts * [15]Finance * [16]Flora and Plants * [17]Cooking * [18]Gardening * [19]Health and Healing * [20]History * [21]Home Improvements * [22]Languages * [23]New Age * [24]Novels * [25]Real Estate * [26]Reference * [27]Religion * [28]Science * [29]Society * [30]Sports * [31]Travel * [32]Outdoors * [33]Site Listing Discover * [34]Find Articles * [35]FAQ Help Tutorials * [36]Travel Articles Description This section is from the book "[37]The Rhythm Of Life", by Charles Brodie Patterson. Also available from Amazon: [38]Rhythm of Life. Music Of Other Climes. Part 2 Aristoxenus, an early Greek critic of prosody, distinguished the elements out of which rhythm is composed as: the spoken word, the time of [39]music in song, and the bodily [40]motion. And he defined rhythm so produced as an arrangement of the time periods. The art of the early Greek poets was devoted to a harmonious combination of language, instrument, and gesture, the whole three uniting to form perfect rhythm. Ages ago it was known that rhythm could be put into everything we do with the greatest advantage, so that no matter what work one may be engaged in, the rhythmic way of doing it is the easiest as well as the most graceful. Pythagoras, who lived some six hundred and fifty years before Christ, and is considered one of the greatest of early mathematicians, believed that the universe was created by music. It is said he taught that not the ear, but mathematics, should be the guide in music. He was apparently one of the first Greeks to teach the music of the spheres, and had a scale in which the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn corresponded to the notes E, F, G, A, B, C, and D, of which the Sun formed the middle or the controlling note; thus we can see that the music of 2500 years ago was, in one sense, derived from the heavens, and that heavenly bodies were used as symbols of musical sounds. Unquestionably Greece laid the foundation of her civilisation in music, and the other Muses constituted different degrees of the one great fundamental note that ruled through all from first to last. It is music that comes through man's ear in sound, and it is music that comes through man's eye in colour. Musical sound vibration and musical colour vibration underlie all [41]nature, and give beauty to all life. Take music and colour out of the world and we have a dead world, a world without a soul. The nation that is devoid of the musical sense, so that it neither creates nor loves music, has lost its soul. And the individual who has not awakened to a love of music and colour has not yet found his soul. We feel music and colour far more than we see or hear them. The greatest beauty of sound or colour is a revelation to the soul of man rather than something derived through his sense nature. Greece was a great nation so long as she continued to use the divine principles of rhythm, melody, and [42]harmony in everything she felt, thought, and did. From the time she began to lose these principles, there came a decline. But the spirit which once animated the Greek people did not die; it lives on, and will continue to live on until there shall come a civilisation even greater than that of the Greeks. As Jesus was a prophecy of what man must become, so Greece was a prophecy of what the whole world shall yet become. When we write of the music of the past, let us remember that music is without beginning or ending, that it lives in the heart of the Infinite, that the demand can never exceed the supply. Moreover, the world can have the music it desires if it is willing to seek it. But the things that heart and mind desire are not brought into being without an effort on the part of those desiring them. We must bring of what we have to bear on that which we desire to have; for everything we receive, there must be something in the nature of an equivalent given. We can have what heart and mind desire, when we use heart and mind and bodily effort to get it. It was Plato who said: "The soul which has seen the most of truth shall come to the birth as a philosopher, or artist, or musician, or lover." It is through seeing the most of truth and expressing all that we are able to see that there comes the new birth, the new zeal, the new knowledge. Love music for the love of music; love beauty for the love of beauty, and music and beauty will become redoubled, as it were, in your life. If we are going to secure from life all that is highest and best, then we must bring to life all that is highest and best. We cannot barter the unlovely for the lovely, or the unwholesome for that which is wholesome, the discordant for the harmonious. No, it is like that attracts like. Give all the melody that is in your life to the world, and a still greater melody will flow back into it. Give to the world the best, and give only the best, then shall you receive the best. With the decline of music in Greece, there was a long period when the progress of music seemed to have come to an end. The world came under the thraldom of the Roman Empire, and the Muses, save in the most external way, failed to prove of interest to the people. With the coming of materialism into any country, the death-knell of beauty is sounded. The Roman Empire was noted for its building of wonderful roads, and the carrying on of great wars; but it paid little attention to all that goes to make life truly great or beautiful. True it is that, under some of the emperors of Rome, art flourished more than it did under others. With the advent of Christianity as the national religion of the Roman Empire, it might be thought that the Christian Gospel of peace and goodwill would have brought with it something of the true music of life; but there is little evidence that the change from Roman barbarism to Christian civilisation wrought any marked change in the art of the day. Undoubtedly all the persecutions and the curtailments of the religious rights of the early Christians had much to do with keeping them from expressing themselves through music. There were doubtless many other reasons besides this. The majority of them were made up of the poorer classes and it is doubtful whether, even under ordinary circumstances, they would have been able to have expressed themselves through music. It was during the fourth century A.D. that Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, made the first real effort to produce Church music, and he seems to have met with considerable success; later, Pope Gregory the Great carried on still further the work begun by Ambrose. But comparatively little of what might be called good music was produced until the middle or end of the fourteenth century. From that time on the growth of music is a continuous one, and Italy takes a very prominent part; not only did she lay a new foundation of musical art, but she has continued on through the centuries without any break in her career, so that I think it may truthfully be said that the knowledge and love of music possessed by the Italians has not been exceeded by the people of any other nation in modern times. 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[6]Customize feed [7]Science and technology news * [8]Home * [9]Nanotechnology * [10]Physics * [11]Space & Earth * [12]Electronics * [13]Technology * [14]Chemistry * [15]Biology * [16]Medicine & Health * [17]Other Sciences * [18]Psychology & Psychiatry * [19]Research * [20]Medications * [21]Cancer * [22]Genetics * [23]HIV & AIDS * [24]Diseases * [25]Other * [26]Health * [27]Neuroscience Keeping the rhythm of life in sync May 28, 2008 Beyond symbolically holding our feelings of love and compassion, the heart is a very efficient pump with a steady beat that provides the rhythm of life. Abnormal rhythm in the heart is a condition known as cardiac arrhythmia. A normal heart beats between 60 and 100 times per minute. It goes faster if needed for exercise or to handle emotional or physical stress. The heart beat is regulated by a complex and specialized electrical system that runs through the heart muscle. The muscle itself is indeed electrically active. Alterations in the normal electrical system of the heart and its regulatory mechanisms lead to arrhythmias. These could be too fast, too slow, or irregular. All forms of arrhythmia can cause problems. Patients with abnormal heart rhythms can suffer a variety of health issues. Different people may experience arrhythmias in different ways. Some may have an abnormal rhythm and not even know it. Fatigue, dizziness, lightheadedness, palpitations, heart racing, chest pressure, fainting spells, episodic blurry vision, shortness of breath, swelling of the legs, strokes, heart attacks or sudden death can occur because of abnormal heart rhythm. To evaluate the electrical system of the heart and identify its relation to the symptoms patients may have, physicians use an electrocardiogram. This diagnostic test allows us to look in real time at the graphic tracing of the electrical activity of the heart by placing electrodes on the skin. Most commonly, the arrhythmias occur intermittently and it may be difficult to catch an episode with an electrocardiogram. In this case, other tests may be ordered. One is an electrophysiology study, in which electrodes are placed inside the heart through a form of heart catheterization. Cardiologists with rigorous training in the specialty of electrophysiology can treat rhythm disorders with drugs, catheters, or implantable devices. Catheter ablation is the procedure that allows doctors to thread a catheter through veins in the groin to areas inside the heart where abnormal electrical connections or scar tissue are causing arrhythmias. The catheter then delivers heat or freezing temperatures to these abnormal areas, and tissue is selectively destroyed to prevent the recurrence of the arrhythmia. Implantable devices are sometimes needed to stimulate the heart when the natural pacemaker or the heart's electrical system is not functioning and the heart beats too slow. More complex pacemakers can be used in selected patients with a weakened heart muscle to resynchronize the beating of the chambers of the heart and restore some of its pumping function. Implantable defibrillators can save lives when patients at risk of dangerous arrhythmias collapse from a rhythm that is too fast. The device, a small implantable computer, identifies the abnormality and delivers an electrical shock to restore the normal rhythm. Correcting abnormal heart rhythms can relieve discomfort, prevent disability, prolong life, and frequently allows patients to go back to their normal daily living. Penn State Hershey Heart and Vascular Institute has a team of heart rhythm specialists and the most advanced treatments available to help restore the heart rhythm ... to help restore the rhythm of life. For more information, visit [28]http://www.pennstatehershey.org/rhythm Source: Penn State, By Javier Banchs [29]print this article [30]email this article [31]download pdf [32]blog this article [33]bookmark this article [34]Stumble it [35]Digg this [36]share on Facebook [37]retweet [38]share on Reddit [39]add to delicious Rate this story - 4.5 /5 (4 votes) * rank * [40]1 * [41]2 * [42]3 * [43]4 * [44]5 [45]view popular Rank Filter _ (Submit) Filter (Submit) Off Move the slider to adjust rank threshold, so that you can hide some of the comments. Display comments: [46]newest first * [47]Sepp - May 29, 2008 + Rank: 1 / 5 (1) "...the heart is a very efficient pump with a steady beat that provides the rhythm of life..." Why do we call the heart a "pump" when its principal function is just to give rhythm to a natural circulatory flow of the blood through our system of vessels. It isn't pressurization by the heart that makes the blood circulate. Picture miles and miles of blood vessels getting ever smaller along the way until they are capillaries, then, after supplying blood to tissues, these capillaries gradually open up to become veins. No amount of pressure - even if the heart was capable of supplying it - could squeeze that liquid through such lengthy and thin pipes. It is _rhythm_ we get from the heart, and indeed the article is all about that. So let's find a better term than the misleading word "pump" to describe the heart. What about "metronome"? + [48]report abuse + o Current rank o [49]1 o [50]2 o [51]3 o [52]4 o [53]5 * [54]bmcghie - May 29, 2008 + Rank: 4 / 5 (1) Sorry Sepp, but the heart does supply pressure. That's it. If you don't think that it can generate enough pressure... you are wrong. Your body does a VERY good job of dilating the required vessels, and constricting others to optimize the use of this pressure, and also takes advantage of skeletal muscle movement to help blood return to the heart... but the bottom line is the heart is ONLY used to generate pressure. Resulting fluid movement occurs due to the vessels and their levels of constriction/dilation. As for your "miles and miles"... yeah, if your blood is too thick, as sometimes occurs with blood doping athletes abusing drugs... the thicker blood becomes harder to pump, leading to localized flow loss in some areas, which triggers blood clotting. I apologize if this sounds a little heavy handed, but you really need to do some reading if you understand the heart to be ANYTHING but a massive pump sitting in your chest. I suggest wikipedia-ing "circulation" or taking a highschool biology class. + [55]report abuse + o Current rank o [56]1 o [57]2 o [58]3 o [59]4 o [60]5 * [61]print * [62]email * [63]pdf * [64]txt * [65]blog * [66]bookmark * [67]aA * [68]Aa May 28, 2008 [69]all stories Comments: [70]2 * rank * [71]1 * [72]2 * [73]3 * [74]4 * [75]5 4.5 /5 (4 votes) * [76]Stumble this up * [77]share on Facebook * * [78]Digg this * [79]retweet * * [80]share this * share on Facebook [81]Facebook * retweet [82]ReTweet * share on MySpace [83]MySpace * share on Slashdot [84]Slashdot * share on Google [85]Google * share on Reddit [86]Reddit * add to delicious [87]Delicious * save to Yahoo! bookmarks [88]Yahoo! bookmarks * share on Windows Live [89]Windows Live * Add to Mixx! 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Rhythm Of Life lyrics (Chorus)Get down to the rhythmKeep on movingDown to the rhythm of life Get down to the rhythmYou know you can do itIt's the rhythm of life Better get yourself togetherGotta make you're mind up soon Now that time is running out on youIf you're lostThen I'll find you I'll be right behind youAnd you knowI can catch you when you fall(Chorus) If you're feeling lost and lonelyYou know I can ease your pain Never have to be that way againJust believe you can make it The chance is there so take itIt's your lifeSo don't let it pass you by(Chorus) Get down to the rhythmGet down to the rhythmGet down, get down, get down (repeat x2)(Chorus (x3) to fade) [phone_left.gif] [109]Send "Rhythm Of Life" Ringtone to your Cell Phone! 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May 19, 2008 [*bilde.jpg] 5 most recent columns January 11, 2010: [8]Music Therapy Experience in a Public Hospital. By Diego Schapira December 28, 2009: [9]The Honor of Sharing Our History. By Barbara Wheeler December 14, 2009: [10]Challenges on Music Therapy Clinical Practice. By Lia Rejane Mendes Barcellos November 16, 2009: [11]Keeping Music Close to Nature. By Sarah Hoskyns November 2, 2009: [12]Some Thoughts on Being a White Music Therapist. By Helen Oosthuizen Sound, Rhythm, Life Symphony By Gabriella Giordanella Perilli () 1st Movement: Introduction and Allegro When I think about my life, I have an image of waves moving rhythmically, at different levels and in different directions, each producing different sounds. These sounds reflect me interacting with other people in various environments. Perhaps I have developed this metaphor as a musician trying to understand what is going inside and around me emotionally. It is a kind of an ecological perception in which each wave, whether sonic or emotional, becomes a meaningful presence. I was astonished the first time I heard the recorded sounds of planets and the composed music sent to Voyager as witness of our human civilization and cultures. While the aural perception of music on this planet is made possible by human sensory organs and functions, in other parts of the Universe perhaps music is a mathematical code immediately grasped by intelligent minds. This leads me to think that space is not empty or chaotically immeasurable; rather it is filled with rhythm, and sounds - or electromagnetic waves. Curiously, the immense space of the universe is not threatening for me as before. Once a very different experience happened at my physician's office, when I first heard my own blood pulsing through my veins, during an echo Doppler imaging. The incessant bubbling flow seemed to nurture each cell in my body, with dynamic contours and peaks of intensity arising randomly, above the background sound. Meeting outstanding people in the Music Therapy field, like Helen Bonny and Ken Bruscia, allowed me to reach a deep level of understanding of sound and rhythm and how they embed our lives. That opened terrific scenarios I could never imagine before. 2nd Movement: Adagio Maestoso Suddenly my mind diverges from such pleasant experiences and goes to a patient of mine, suffering from a severe kind of autistic syndrome. That young man felt people as if they were electrical appliances, making irritating noises. It seemed as if he could perceive when a person had some health or emotional problem which, for him, made unbearable sounds. In such occasion he became very anxious, crying aloud while lying down, moving his body as if tortured by those dangerous noises. When his psychodynamic therapist introduced me to this young man, she told me about an unusual behavior of his. Quite often, during a therapy session, he made vocal sounds while rhythmically wringing his hands. His sounds were so emotionally intense that their message--"Help!"--seemed to flood my being. How could I participate in a meaningful way to share his anxiety and at the same time modify it safely? I decided to experiment with adding my own vocalizations (with overtones) to his. He was very surprised to hear my sounds and his together. We used to tape our nonverbal dialogue and, afterwards, listen to it with curiosity. That became part of our music therapy session: no longer did he isolate himself; instead he accepted vocal interactions with me first, and, then, with other people outside. My opinion was that, by these interactive music experiences, he developed a better selective attention function so that he was able to process only the meaningful sounds, distinguishing them from the huge amount of incoming stimuli. Finally he could enjoy being with people, without being overwhelmed by their presence and their annoying sounds. In contrast, sounds could not be shut off or avoided in the delusional experiences of schizophrenic patients that had I met previously in a Mental Health Community Center. Terrifying voices and crashing sounds were always present in their heads, unless we played music that they liked. Listening to such moving music transformed the perceived nasty words into supportive ones, so that they could feel relieved from their painful situation: the green color of their face turned on in a light pink together with a smile illuminating their eyes. Other examples of unforgettable sounds in my own life come to mind: the roar of bombs exploding during the Second World War, and our neighbors' desperate cry for the deportation of their close relatives. In both situations, my mother took great care to help me to cope with these dramatic events so that as a child I could not be overwhelmed by fearful or anxious sounds. She guided me through each fearful event with a brave heart, looking for strength and possible resources. I was grateful to her then; and later as a music therapist. I particularly appreciated my mother's insights when I began to work with clients in Guided Imagery and Music (GIM), wherein a client may experience similarly difficult and tragic situations. The guide has to be a supportive, trustful presence that allows the client to cope with and explore the situation to discover and develop potentialities available to the client. Every GIM session affords the client and therapist with inexhaustible and surprising alternatives for healing: the rhythm of life is embodied in human beings as well as the environment; music can evoke motion and emotion, while also producing amazing levels of awareness and different states of consciousness necessary for improving quality of life. 3rd Movement: Trio In Hamburg, during the 8th World Congress, Maturana presented his idea which considers that a good development of each system is possible when there is coherence between its internal parts, and it and its environment. Human beings and their environment are in constant interaction. In this way they influence each other with mutual perturbation which trigger off structural modification in each system. Change has to occur at the same time, in a consensual domain of structural coupling, and, he said, this can happen, for example, with rhythm entrainment and music. As I have observed in GIM sessions, the music evokes but does not determine the nature of personal modification. Any change is produced by each individual in a independent and unique way, based on subjective readiness and level of development, as well as the need to maintain the structural characteristics (autopoiesis) and to avoid disintegration. To reach that goal of integrity and coherence, our brain organizes schema to structure and order internal and external events using rhythmic patterns or subjective tempo, both of which are self-referential and carry our own personal meaning. Those temporal structures have a neurophysiological basis, and seem to be biologically determined; moreover, from a psychological point of view, they follow an evolution similar to early psychophysical experiences with a caregiver and the social environment. In some way, those temporal patterns may influence our music perception and evaluation by comparison between the inner and outer different temporalities. As Oliver Sachs says, our brain is a musical score; thus interaction with sound and rhythm is both natural and functional. Neurosciences enlarge our horizon regarding music and the brain, showing that numerous areas are involved in processing musical stimuli. The music effect on human beings and on their self-definition process is, partially, due to the emotional response to music. Musical behavior and musical cognition are expression of the metaphorical process by which our knowledge evolves. The musical behavior and cognition prove that concepts become meaningful because they are associated with embodied functions. It is important to understand that what we call an abstract thought depends from our sensory and motor experiences. By consequence, music, which seems to be the most abstract form of artistic expression, may be considered the most embodied one, reproducing and stimulating rhythm, motion, emotion, and metaphorical thinking. Moment by moment, music builds up both time flow and its duration. Unfortunately, this is not experienced by people with Alzheimer, because their subjective tempo, or internal clocklike system, processes separate instances in an atemporal fashion. In that pathological situation, only sensory and emotional memories seem to function. They do not mentally grasp the present, nor can they demonstrate the capacity of the human nervous system to maintain its viability and integrity from instant to instant, as described in T. Fraser's theory. There is no more the noetic experience of time which combines ideas about present, past, and future necessary to define and construct a conscious unity of selfhood. By hearing music, Alzheimer patients could answer, emotionally, in the instant articulated and defined by music itself. In this experience they can live the organic present in which is still possible to maintain coherence among their biological clocks. And, thus, they can still feel joy. 4th Movement: Finale Allegro con brio All the above experiences stimulated and sustained me in trusting the efficacy of music to enhance human quality of life, in spite of criticism and depreciation expressed for years by some colleagues of mine as far as music therapy. At the same time other colleagues shared my ideas, and appreciated my work. By consequence with their support my dream came true. So that I succeeded to bring music therapy, particularly the Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music, at the highest academic level in Italy, founding the post graduation Institute named "School of Psychotherapy and Integrated Music Therapy - SPIM" to train psychologists and physicians in this field. This is my life a meaningful kinetic Symphony moved by, through, and with a sonic universe of feelings evoked by rhythm, sounds, and music. References Bruscia, K.E. & Grocke, D.E. (Eds.) (2002). Guided Imagery and Music: The Bonny Method and Beyond. Gilsum NH: Barcelona Publishers. Fraser T. (1990). Of Time, Passion, and Knowledge: Reflections on the Strategy of Existence. Second edition. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Johnson, M. (1987). The Body in the Mind. The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Maturana, H.R. (1970). Biology of Cognition. Urbana: University of Illinois. To cite this page: Perilli, Gabriella (2008). Sound, Rhythm, Life Symphony. Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy. Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy. Retrieved from http://www.voices.no/columnist/colpirelli190508.php Moderated discussion Add your comments and responses to this essay in our Moderated Discussions. 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[5]Home 2. [6]Education 3. [7]Shakespeare [8][education_shakespeare;kw=;site=shakespeare;chan=education;pos=lb;sz =728x90;ord=1A1HKZQ0D20SA0MM7] * [9]Share * * [10]Shakespeare * [11]Shakespeare's Life * [12]Plays * [13]Sonnets * Free Shakespeare Newsletter! ____________________ (Submit) Sign Up * [14]Discuss in my Forum [15]Lee Jamieson Lee's Shakespeare Blog By [16]Lee Jamieson, About.com Guide to Shakespeare * [17]My Bio * [18]My Blog * [19]My Forum Add to: * [20]iGoogle * [21]My Yahoo! * [22]RSS Iambic Pentameter: The Rhythm of Life? Sunday March 22, 2009 [bencrystal.jpg] Does the thought of [23]iambic pentameter terrify you? I remember being baffeled by it at school myself because I got bogged down in counting syllables and working out where the stresses go but, I now know that this is a very technical way of studying iambic pentameter. In later life, Ive grown to love iambic pentameter. Theres something beautiful about it that I cant put my finger on. I know for sure that its in the speaking because on the page it is inert. When you [24]speak those words aloud, they literally jump off the tongue and the rhythm is the easiest of all meters to find. I asked Ben Crystal about this [25]in our interview a few months ago. He said that iambic pentameter is the rhythm of our English language and of our bodies a line of that poetry has the same rhythm as our heartbeat. A line of iambic pentameter fills the human lung perfectly, so its the rhythm of speech. I think this is true. When you [26]learn how to speak verse, you soon discover that its a very instinctive rhythm. Once you relax and go with the flow, it comes naturally. And, strange as it might sound, classic iambic pentameter lines like If music be the food of love, play on and Now is the winter of our discontent do happen to fit a single breath perfectly if spoken with passion. So, if youre having trouble with iambic pentameter, remember that its designed to be spoken, not studied. Open your mouth and speak aloud those great words. Photo of Ben Crystal © Scott Wishart * [27]Comments (2) * [28]See All Posts * [29]Share * [30]Prev * [31]Next [32]Leave a Comment Comments March 30, 2009 at 2:29 pm [33](1) [34]Kent Richmond says: In doing verse translations of five Shakespeare plays, I have had to learn how Shakespeares iambic pentameter works in order to give my translations the feel of the original. One of the beauties of iambic pentameter is that the poet can temporarily relax the meter without violating it. In this series of made-up and rather prosaic lines, the first line is straight-ahead iambic pentameter. The second and third lines, if read independently, are less obviously iambic pentameter, yet they do not violate the rhythm. The fourth line is clearly unmetrical and removes the sense that we are listening to verse. 1. Her mother took the kids to shop for clothes, 2. Planning to buy them all some warmer sweaters. (trochaic start; feminine ending) 3. No! No! No! No she bellowed at the oldest. (Two spondees to start; feminine ending) 4. Dont you ever hit your little sister. (unmetrical) Shakespeare, at least in the plays I have translated, did not write verse lines with the rhythm of (4). To make this line sound a bit more like Shakespeares iambic pentameter, we need to make a few alterations to line 4. 1. Her mother took the kids to shop for clothes, 2. Planning to buy them all some warmer sweaters. 3. No! No! No! No she bellowed at the oldest. 4. Dont ever hit that little girl again. To make the whole passage sound like prose, we need to change the first line a little. Then her mother took the kids clothes shopping, planning to buy them all some warmer sweaters. No! No! No! No she bellowed at the oldest. Dont you ever hit your little sister. The first and fourth lines now have trochaic feet exposed in the wrong places, and most editors would print such a passage as prose. Shakespeares iambic pentameter certainly places constraints on what rhythms are allowed, yet it allows for flexibility and naturalness. Take a look at George Wrights book titled Shakespeares Metrical Art to see the techniques Shakespeare employed. April 11, 2009 at 8:25 pm [35](2) Dave says: The words literally jump off the tongue? I'd like to see that! 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Clow [8]next page: The Cycle Of A Generation [trans_pix.gif] [trans_pix.gif] Rhythm Of Groups Based On Nature [trans_pix.gif] [trans_pix.gif] [trans_pix.gif] [trans_pix.gif] [trans_pix.gif] [trans_pix.gif] Search ______________ Search Titles * [9]Animals * [10]Architecture * [11]Arts * [12]Business * [13]Computers * [14]Crafts * [15]Finance * [16]Flora and Plants * [17]Cooking * [18]Gardening * [19]Health and Healing * [20]History * [21]Home Improvements * [22]Languages * [23]New Age * [24]Novels * [25]Real Estate * [26]Reference * [27]Religion * [28]Science * [29]Society * [30]Sports * [31]Travel * [32]Outdoors * [33]Site Listing Discover * [34]Find Articles * [35]FAQ Help Tutorials * [36]Travel Articles Description This section is from the book "[37]Principles Of Sociology With Educational Applications", by Frederick R. Clow. Also available from Amazon: [38]Principles of sociology with educational applications. Rhythm Of Groups Based On Nature This metabolic rhythm impresses itself on all group activity, and no one can be a successful "social engineer" who does not take account of it. The public speaker allows times in his address when his hearers may relax their attention or change the kind of mental process which he requires of them, and herein is the real reason for the jokes and anecdotes with which a long address is interspersed. A teacher does the same thing in a recitation by having a variety of work done. To the same end, the school program combines periods for study, manual training, recitation, gymnastics, and play. Some of the longer periods of the metabolic rhythm are synchronized with those of nature. The earth's daily rotation makes a [39]cycle which has become inherent in the constitution of every living thing, of every person, and of every form of social life. The school assembles in the morning, has "morning exercises," and goes through those forms of work which demand the highest degree of mental efficiency; then there is an interval for lunch, and then the afternoon and evening have their appropriate exercises. The daily round repeats itself with more or less of regularity. The weekly cycle does not appear to correspond to anything in organic nature, but it probably has a metabolic basis else it would not be so prevalent. The lunar month is a cycle in nature from which the month of our calendar is derived; it is therefore a cycle with which many social arrangements are timed, such as the payment of salaries, and the making of reports. The cycle of seasons resulting from the annual revolution of the earth around the sun forces human [40]society everywhere through a corresponding cycle of important changes which vary according to the climate of the particular locality. The [41]principle involved in all the forms of relaxation ... is relief from tension or release from some form of restraint. Although this tension and restraint on the part of the individual are necessary conditions of all social evolution, they have been greatly intensified by the manner of life which characterizes the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. . . . When this everlasting urge of progress is excessive, as it has been in recent times, we may say that there is in a way a constant subconscious rebellion against it and a constant disposition to escape from it, and the method of escape is always the temporary reversion to simpler and more primitive forms of behavior, - a return to nature, so to speak. Sudden momentary and unexpected release from this tension, with instinctive reinstatement of primitive forms of expression, is laughter. Daily or periodic systematic return to primitive forms of activity is sport or play. War is a violent social reversion to elemental and natural intertribal relations. Profanity is a resort to primitive forms of vocal expression to relieve a situation which threatens one's well-being. Alcohol is an artificial means of relieving mental tension by the narcotizing of the higher brain centers. - Patrick, The Psychology of Relaxation, pp. 18-20. . . . The course of annual rainfall in the great cereal-producing area of the United States has been shown to move in cycles: there is a ground-swell of thirty-three years in length upon which cycles of eight years in [42]duration are superposed. . . . The rhythm in the activity of economic life, the alternation of buoyant, purposeful expansion with aimless depression, is caused by the rhythm in the yield per acre of the crops; while the rhythm in the production of the crops is, in turn, caused by the rhythm of changing weather which is represented by the cyclical changes in the amount of rainfall. ... - Moore, Economic Cycles, pp. 36, 135. 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A Film about Rhythm, Nature and Science By [17]James Evans and [18]Phil Jones, School of Environment and Development, University of Manchester School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham (April 2008) __________________________________________________________________ Section: [19]Cultural Subjects: [20]Geography, [21]Urban Geography, [22]Environment And Society, [23]Cultural Geography. Key Topics: [24]nature , [25]representation. Abstract The first thing you will notice about this article is that it is actually a film. We did not set out to make a film, it just ended up that way. We started out making music out of environmental data, wondering why we only ever look at scientific data, why we do not listen to it. Wandering around the city passing through the transformed landscapes of channelised rivers and broken industrial spaces, we wanted to reveal the socio-natural rhythms of this hybrid city. The text you see below represents the shooting script for a film that explores Lefebvre's notion of rhythmanalysis in the context of socio-natural rhythms. The video accompanying it is far more interesting, including the environmental music that we produced by feeding scientific data through samplers and drum machines. The video questions the nature of scientific representation and whether the notion of rhythmanalysis can be stretched to explore rhythms beyond the human. Furthermore, the process of actually making the video, submitting it to this journal, and responding to the referees' comments made us question the very nature of what constitutes an academic paper in the twenty-first century. The accompanying commentary is our attempt to deal with these issues. To link to the film please go to [26]http://www.blackwell-compass.com/home_video#gecofilm. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008.00107.x This article abstract has been viewed 5359 times. [27]view [28]cite [29]Add to my Compass [30]Add to VLE/CMS [31]feedback __________________________________________________________________ Top 5 related articles * [32]Geographies for Moving Bodies: Thinking, Dancing, Spaces By [33]Derek P. McCormack , Oxford University Centre for the Environment (Vol. 3, October 2008) Geography Compass * [34]Colonialism, Landscape and the Subterranean By [35]Heidi V. Scott , Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University (Vol. 3, October 2008) Geography Compass * [36]Climate-Suicide Relationships: A Research Problem in Need of Geographic Methods and Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives By P. Grady Dixon and Adam J. Kalkstein, Mississippi State UniversityUnited States Military Academy (Vol. 4, September 2009) Geography Compass * [37]Ethnomethodology and the Non-representational: What Are Disaffected Young White Men Capable of? 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Author manuscript; available in PMC 2008 July 24. Published in final edited form as: [7]J Public Health Policy. 2006; 27(1): 2-12. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200061. PMCID: PMC2483431 NIHMSID: NIHMS58476 [8]Copyright notice and [9]Disclaimer Mystery of Seasonality: Getting the Rhythm of Nature Elena N. Naumova^* ^*Address for Correspondence: Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA. E-mail: elena.naumova/at/tufts.edu Small right arrow pointing to: The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at [10]J Public Health Policy. Small right arrow pointing to: See other articles in PMC that [11]cite the published article. Abstract Seasonality, a systematic periodic occurrence of events over the course of a year, is a well-known phenomenon in life and health sciences. Understanding seasonal fluctuations in diseases patterns presents us with a major challenge. To develop efficient strategies for disease prevention and control, we need to grasp the main determinants of temporal variations and their interactions. This paper will introduce the notion of seasonality by outlining several of its factors, using as illustrations respiratory and enteric water- or food-borne infections. Keywords: seasonality, water-borne infection, food-borne infection, respiratory infection * [12] Other Sectionsv + [13]Abstract + [14]Introduction + [15]Notion of Seasonality + [16]Diseases Seasonal Patterns + [17]Seasonal Host Susceptibility + [18]Seasonality in Pathogens Survival and Transmissibility + [19]Disease Seasonality and Calendar Effects + [20]Climate Change, [dot.gif] Extreme Weather Events, [dot.gif] and Disease Seasonality + [21]Methodology in Studying Seasonality: Brining Mathematics and Philosophy to Public Health Thinking + [22]References Introduction Now let us consider the seasons and the way we can predict whether it is going to be a healthy or an unhealthy year. (Hippocrates. Air, Waters, Places, 10)^[23]1 Seasonal fluctuations in birth and death, in sickness and health, are the haunting mysteries of mankind. People have made predictions from winds, tides, birds' migrations, spring blooms, sunsets, and constellations in hope of grasping the future. The complexity and uncertainty of ancient and modern means of prediction make us wonder to what extent we are able to understand the rhythm of nature. One might argue the future cannot be known, but from a practical point of view, a better understanding of changes in disease occurrences is essential for building efficient strategies for disease prevention and control. Seasonality, a systematic periodic occurrence of events over the course of a year, is a well-known phenomenon in life and health sciences. Since Hippocrates, observers worldwide have noted and documented marked fluctuations in the incidence of many diseases. In the modern view, the main determinants of temporal variations in disease manifestation are evolving host susceptibility, periodicity in pathogen abundance and transmissibility, and the ever-changing environment that can support or repress a host or pathogen. Interactions among these factors responsible for seasonal variation are interwoven into the intricate fabric of life. For many diseases, explanations for self-sustained oscillations still remain elusive. We lack adequate methods and sufficient analytical tools for comprehensive examination of seasonality in public health field studies. A dearth of observations, recorded over long periods at fine resolution, compounded by an enormous number of factors associated with periodic changes, obscure our ability to understand disease variation. Urgent need for effective strategies to prevent and control a spread of emerging infections in the rapidly changing world, however, demands a deeper insight into the cyclic nature of diseases. This paper will introduce the notion of seasonality and outline several factors associated with seasonality using as illustrations enteric water- or food-borne infections and respiratory infections. Then I propose a framework for systematic evaluation of seasonal oscillations. In every part of this presentation, and most importantly, I wish to stimulate discussion on this challenging topic. * [24] Other Sectionsv + [25]Abstract + [26]Introduction + [27]Notion of Seasonality + [28]Diseases Seasonal Patterns + [29]Seasonal Host Susceptibility + [30]Seasonality in Pathogens Survival and Transmissibility + [31]Disease Seasonality and Calendar Effects + [32]Climate Change, [dot.gif] Extreme Weather Events, [dot.gif] and Disease Seasonality + [33]Methodology in Studying Seasonality: Brining Mathematics and Philosophy to Public Health Thinking + [34]References Notion of Seasonality Every disease occurs at any season of the year but some of them more frequently occur and are of greater severity at certain times. (Hippocrates. Aphorisms, III, 19) Seasonality, as noted above, refers to the cyclic appearance of events over a period of time. A seasonal pattern may appear as a tight cluster of isolated outbreaks that occurred during a relatively short time period, then spreading over a wide geographic area. For example, in a temporal curve of enteric infection cases (i.e. giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, or rotavirus infections), a compact cluster of outbreaks is followed by a long interval of low incidence. Systematic recurrence of such sequences forms a seasonal pattern typical of a specific pathogen in a given population and in a given locality. A seasonal increase in enteric or respiratory infection often produces a well-defined oscillating curve that starts to rise in one season and declines over the next one. The three main features characterize seasonality: * a point in time when a seasonal curve reaches its maximum, * an amplitude from peak to nadir, and * a duration of a seasonal increase defined by a shape of a curve. (The shape of a seasonal pattern reflects how fast a temporal curve reaches its peak and declines to nadir over a course of a full cycle. Depending on the length of a cycle whether it is one year or a half of a year, a seasonal curve would have one or two peaks.) Seasonal patterns, described by these three characteristics, may vary for different diseases, different locations, or different subpopulations. Many viral and bacterial infections in humans show marked seasonal changes. In some diseases, like salmonellosis and influenza, annual oscillations explain up to 60% of variability. Such impact should not be ignored and deserves a proper examination. * [35] Other Sectionsv + [36]Abstract + [37]Introduction + [38]Notion of Seasonality + [39]Diseases Seasonal Patterns + [40]Seasonal Host Susceptibility + [41]Seasonality in Pathogens Survival and Transmissibility + [42]Disease Seasonality and Calendar Effects + [43]Climate Change, [dot.gif] Extreme Weather Events, [dot.gif] and Disease Seasonality + [44]Methodology in Studying Seasonality: Brining Mathematics and Philosophy to Public Health Thinking + [45]References Diseases Seasonal Patterns Diseases vary in their relationships one with another; some are opposed, some are mutually agreeable. (Hippocrates. Aphorisms, III, 3) Differences in diseases peaks reflect different etiology, heterogeneity in host susceptibility, or route of transmission. In temperate climates, Campylobacter and Salmonella infections are known to rise in summer, giardiasis in early fall, and rotavirus infection in mid-winter, etc. Interestingly, for the same infectious agent, infections recorded in two different locations may present a different pattern of incidence. A seasonal pattern for cryptosporidiosis in the United States exhibits one late summer peak ([46]1); in contrast, in the United Kingdom, two seasonal peaks are seen ([47]2). The UK picture reflects two dominant sources of exposure: one from animals in the late spring, and another from humans in the fall ([48]3). Close temporal clustering of seasonal peaks in diseases that share similar sources of exposure suggests dominant routes of transmissions. Peaks in water-borne cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis often cluster after a summer peak in ambient temperature. Such synchronization in disease manifestation can be governed by environmental and social factors. In some instances, periodicity of a given infection observed in a particular population may be not present in another. A seasonal peak in cryptosporidiosis cases observed in the general population is not apparent in the immunocompromized HIV-positive gay men, even though the incidence of cryptosporidiosis in HIV-positive population is very high. This suggests differences in dominant routes of transmission. Seasonal patterns can change over time. After intense vaccination campaigns in the 1950s and 1970s in the United Kingdom, the patterns of measles and pertussis changed, with the high rates of disease usually seen when children were attending school diminishing for measles and practically disappearing for pertusis ([49]4). Explanations for these phenomena remain elusive. A departure from a systematically observed pattern could reflect the evolution of a pathogen or a change in herd immunity. A simple rule to remember is that a discovery hides in outliers. Faced with an abundance of causal agents, a bare observation of a rise in the incidence of non-specific enteritis should be interpreted with caution. A seasonal pattern can represent a mix of temporal curves. Imagine two periodic curves of similar intensity, but one peaks in a spring and another in a fall; the sum of these two curves might lose the appearance of seasonality, covering two distinctly seasonal phenomena. Some infections are very rare. Their seasonal patterns are difficult to examine because the relevant data must be collected over a very long time and/or aggregated over large spatial units. Precision in evaluating seasonality can thus be jeopardized by time-dependent and/or space-dependent confounders. Seasonal fluctuations can be found beyond infectious diseases; chronic somatic diseases also exhibit substantial temporal variations. Plausibly, exacerbations in chronic conditions are driven by infectious agents or environmental changes. Understanding the interplay of an infection and a chronic disease may lead to better control for both. * [50] Other Sectionsv + [51]Abstract + [52]Introduction + [53]Notion of Seasonality + [54]Diseases Seasonal Patterns + [55]Seasonal Host Susceptibility + [56]Seasonality in Pathogens Survival and Transmissibility + [57]Disease Seasonality and Calendar Effects + [58]Climate Change, [dot.gif] Extreme Weather Events, [dot.gif] and Disease Seasonality + [59]Methodology in Studying Seasonality: Brining Mathematics and Philosophy to Public Health Thinking + [60]References Seasonal Host Susceptibility When the weather is seasonable and the crops ripen at the regular times, diseases are regular in their appearance... (Hippocrates. Aphorisms, III, 8) Poor nutrition directly affects host susceptibility. In places of food scarcity, researchers suspect that temporal patterns in birth weight and preterm delivery result from seasonal variations in food availability ([61]5). In general, due to a less developed immune system, young children are susceptible to infection; their immune response may be further weakened by seasonal cutbacks in essential micronutrients and vitamins. Anemnestic responses to an antigen determine whether an infection recurs. Short-lived immune memory together with seasonal changes in pathogen transmissibility contribute further to the complexity of seasonal patterns. Even a perfectly healthy person can experience a change in susceptibility to infection due to stress, injuries, or trauma. The probability of a marked impact of such factors on disease seasonality is virtually unknown. * [62] Other Sectionsv + [63]Abstract + [64]Introduction + [65]Notion of Seasonality + [66]Diseases Seasonal Patterns + [67]Seasonal Host Susceptibility + [68]Seasonality in Pathogens Survival and Transmissibility + [69]Disease Seasonality and Calendar Effects + [70]Climate Change, [dot.gif] Extreme Weather Events, [dot.gif] and Disease Seasonality + [71]Methodology in Studying Seasonality: Brining Mathematics and Philosophy to Public Health Thinking + [72]References Seasonality in Pathogens Survival and Transmissibility Some diseases are produced by the manner of life that is followed; others by the life-giving air we breathe. (Hippocrates. The Nature of Man, 9) Temperature, humidity, and precipitation -- the defining factors of seasons -- are important determinants of pathogens' survival. Changes influence pathogens' potency and life expectancy, resulting in temporal fluctuations in pathogens' abundance. In many instances, seasonal changes in pathogen survival and transmission are inseparably related to both biological and social aspects of our lives. They are synchronized by weather. High ambient temperature, for example, provides a supportive environment for food-borne pathogens, favoring their multiplication in food and on food preparation surfaces ([73]6). Food contamination is believed to be a significant mode of transmission for infections caused by Salmonella and Campylobacter ([74]7); therefore, during warm weather, the risk for food-borne diseases increases ([75]8). Seasonal changes in level of contamination, availability of potable water, sanitation and hygiene practices, as well as crowding and person-to-person contacts, affect pathogens' transmissibility. Worldwide, water use differs from season to season ([76]9). In temperate climates, warm weather leads to higher water consumption and encourages outdoor activities -- swimming, camping, and recreational water use. In tropical regions, contamination of surface water increases during wet seasons. Although spread of pathogens via food is certainly possible, contaminated water is the dominant source of exposure for enteric infections caused by protozoa Cryptosporidium and Giardia ([77]10 --[78]12). Depending on locality, outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis associated with drinking or recreational water frequently occur during warm or wet seasons ([79]13,[80]14). With the onset of cooler weather, the "heating season" marks a change in indoor air quality. Inadequate and poorly designed ventilation in crowded public places and urban transit systems may boost exposure to air-borne pathogens by increasing their concentration in stagnant air and by re-circulating contaminated air. Higher relative humidity may also affect the stability of air-borne droplets in which viruses travel from person to person. * [81] Other Sectionsv + [82]Abstract + [83]Introduction + [84]Notion of Seasonality + [85]Diseases Seasonal Patterns + [86]Seasonal Host Susceptibility + [87]Seasonality in Pathogens Survival and Transmissibility + [88]Disease Seasonality and Calendar Effects + [89]Climate Change, [dot.gif] Extreme Weather Events, [dot.gif] and Disease Seasonality + [90]Methodology in Studying Seasonality: Brining Mathematics and Philosophy to Public Health Thinking + [91]References Disease Seasonality and Calendar Effects You will find, as a general rule, that the constitutions and the habits of a people follow the nature of the land where they live. (Hippocrates. Air, Waters, Places, 24) Diseases do not watch calendars. Their incidence rises and falls because of changes in factors associated with the diseases. However, in every culture all social events are synchronized by calendars; and every calendar reflects the cyclic rhythm of nature. Traditional celebrations and gatherings observed by communities according to calendars affect pathogen transmission. Holidays, social activities, and seasonal travel are often associated with changes in food consumption and preparation, and are therefore associated with changes in disease incidence. Preparing meat on a barbecue increases the risk of Campylobacter infection ([92]15,[93]16) and foreign travel increases the risk for enteric infections. Aggregation of children in schools, daycare centers, and summer camps, reflecting school calendars, facilitates rapid exchange of pathogens. There are marked seasonal variations in transmission, and thus the incidence of enteric and respiratory infections. * [94] Other Sectionsv + [95]Abstract + [96]Introduction + [97]Notion of Seasonality + [98]Diseases Seasonal Patterns + [99]Seasonal Host Susceptibility + [100]Seasonality in Pathogens Survival and Transmissibility + [101]Disease Seasonality and Calendar Effects + [102]Climate Change, [dot.gif] Extreme Weather Events, [dot.gif] and Disease Seasonality + [103]Methodology in Studying Seasonality: Brining Mathematics and Philosophy to Public Health Thinking + [104]References Climate Change, Extreme Weather Events, and Disease Seasonality The changes of the seasons are especially liable to beget diseases, as are great changes from heat to cold, or cold to heat in any season. Other changes in the weather have similarly severe effects. (Hippocrates. Aphorisms, III, 1) As weather affects human health by creating favorable conditions for pathogen proliferation and transmission, severe weather can affect the timing and intensity of infectious outbreaks, and natural disasters lead to drastic changes in population structure and pathogen ecology. Catastrophic events like tsunamis, hurricanes, devastating floods, and heat waves that cause deaths, population displacement, and infrastructural damage may have dramatic effects on the incidence of infections and their seasonal patterns. Recent work has shown highly significant associations between extreme precipitation and water-borne disease outbreaks ([105]17). Heavy precipitation, rapid snowmelt, and floods flush animal wastes from the land into surface waters and may overwhelm drinking and wastewater treatment systems. The latter leads to discharges in watersheds of untreated human wastes. As a result, pathogens can appear in drinking and recreational water in very high concentrations ([106]18,[107]19). A rapid snowmelt, resultant runoff, and filtration system failure at the overloaded local drinking water treatment plant were implicated in the largest known water-borne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis, which occurred in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1993 ([108]20). This outbreak happened in April, not within the usual seasonal peak for cryptosporidiosis cases. A flood, which also resulted from a rapid snowmelt, has been linked with a similar increased incidence of diarrhea ([109]21). Experts expect that global climate change will increase climate variability and the frequency of extreme precipitation events in temperate regions ([110]22,[111]23). "Global warming" may also increase the frequency and magnitude of other extreme weather events, such as heat waves and droughts, and thereby have profound effects on public health ([112]24,[113]25). In a comprehensive study conducted in the United Kingdom that described a short-term link between temperature and food poisoning, the authors also hypothesized that climate change could lead to changes in rates of food poisoning ([114]26). Integration of environmental parameters into disease forecasting and warning systems could allow public health officials to alert the populace when specific meteorological conditions pose predictable risks to health ([115]27). Simple messages about proper food preparation and refrigeration and the risks of using contaminated recreational waters could, for example, be provided before, during, and after extreme events. Better understanding of disease seasonality would also help to predict outbreaks of infections triggered by climate variability. * [116] Other Sectionsv + [117]Abstract + [118]Introduction + [119]Notion of Seasonality + [120]Diseases Seasonal Patterns + [121]Seasonal Host Susceptibility + [122]Seasonality in Pathogens Survival and Transmissibility + [123]Disease Seasonality and Calendar Effects + [124]Climate Change, [dot.gif] Extreme Weather Events, [dot.gif] and Disease Seasonality + [125]Methodology in Studying Seasonality: Brining Mathematics and Philosophy to Public Health Thinking + [126]References Methodology in Studying Seasonality: Brining Mathematics and Philosophy to Public Health Thinking Desperate cases need the most desperate remedies. (Hippocrates. Aphorisms, I, 6) At first, seasonal fluctuations should be systematically described. This requires a framework with sound definitions and analytic tools suitable for routine use by public health professionals. In public health sciences, the existing methodology currently lacks methods and tests for assessing complex interactions in the time-dependent factors responsible for disease seasonality. Next, reliable data with fine temporal resolution are a must. The vast majority of epidemiological studies have examined seasonal patterns of infections using quarterly or monthly data. This coarse temporal aggregation can thwart an otherwise detailed, accurate, and comprehensive analysis of seasonal patterns and may even be misleading ([127]28). Examination of daily or weekly rates can substantially improve evaluation of seasonal curves, but a systematic approach for using at least weekly aggregates is needed. Finally, reluctance to apply sophisticated mathematical models in public health studies must be overcome. Underlying processes in disease manifestation and spread are complex and multifaceted. Causal pathways are often obscured. To disentangle causal effects of many factors within the circular processes of self-sustaining oscillations demands the careful building of sound conceptual models of seasonality; models that can be tested. The emerging fields of computational epidemiology and intelligent data mining will complement established work in philosophy of science and mathematical biology to become an essential part of thinking in public health and policy. Acknowledgments I thank Drs Eileen O'Neil and Beth Rosenberg for their thoughtful suggestions, and the support of funding agencies: the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI062627), and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES013171). Footnotes ^1Hippocrates' citations are taken from: Lloyd, GER, editor. Hippocratic Writings. Trans. Chadwick J and Mann WN. London: Penguin; 1978. * [128] Other Sectionsv + [129]Abstract + [130]Introduction + [131]Notion of Seasonality + [132]Diseases Seasonal Patterns + [133]Seasonal Host Susceptibility + [134]Seasonality in Pathogens Survival and Transmissibility + [135]Disease Seasonality and Calendar Effects + [136]Climate Change, [dot.gif] Extreme Weather Events, [dot.gif] and Disease Seasonality + [137]Methodology in Studying Seasonality: Brining Mathematics and Philosophy to Public Health Thinking + [138]References References 1. Naumova EN, Chen JT, Griffiths JK, Matyas BT, Estes-Smargiassi SA, Morris RD. Use of passive surveillance data to study temporal and spatial variation in the incidence of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis. Public Health Rep. 2000;115(5):436-47. [[139]PubMed] 2. Naumova EN, Christodouleas J, Hunter PR, Syed Q. Effect of precipitation on seasonal variability in cryptosporidiosis recorded by the North West England surveillance system in 1990 --1999. J Water Health. 2005;3(2):185-96. [[140]PubMed] 3. McLauchlin J, Amar C, Pedraza-Diaz S, Nichols GL. Molecular epidemiological analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. in the United Kingdom: results of genotyping Cryptosporidium spp. in 1,705 fecal samples from humans and 105 fecal samples from livestock animals. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38(11):3984-90. [[141]PubMed] 4. Anderson RM, May RM. Infectious Diseases of Humans. New York: Oxford University Press; 2004. 5. Fallis G, Hilditch J. A comparison of seasonal variation in birthweights between rural Zaire and Ontario. Can J Public Health. 1989;80(3):205-8. [[142]PubMed] 6. Kusumaningrum HD, Riboldi G, Hazeleger WC, Beumer RR. Survival of foodborne pathogens on stainless steel surfaces and cross-contamination to foods. Int J Food Microbiol. 2003;85(3):227-36. [[143]PubMed] 7. Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, McCaig LF, Bresee JS, Shapiro C, et al. Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;5(5):607-25. [[144]PubMed] 8. Kovats RS, Edwards SJ, Hajat S, Armstrong BG, Ebi KL, Menne B. The effect of temperature on food poisoning: a time-series analysis of salmonellosis in ten European countries. Epidemiol Infect. 2004;132(3):443-53. [[145]PubMed] 9. Gofti-Laroche L, Gratacap-Cavallier B, Genoulaz O, Joret JC, Hartemann P, Seigneurin JM, et al. A new analytical tool to assess health risks associated with the virological quality of drinking water (EMIRA study). Water Sci Technol. 2001;43(12):39-48. [[146]PubMed] 10. Pruss A. Review of epidemiological studies on health effects from exposure to recreational water. Int J Epidemiol. 1998;27(1):1-9. [[147]PubMed] 11. Rose JB, Huffman DE, Riley K, Farrah SR, Lukasik JO, Hamann CL. Reduction of enteric microorganisms at the Upper Occoquan Sewage Authority Water Reclamation Plant. Water Environ Res. 2001;73(6):711-20. [[148]PubMed] 12. Rose JB, Slifko TR. Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Cyclospora and their impact on foods: a review. J Food Prot. 1999;62(9):1059-70. [[149]PubMed] 13. Barwick RS, Levy DA, Craun GF, Beach MJ, Calderon RL. Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks -- United States, 1997 --1998. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ. 2000;49(4):1-21. [[150]PubMed] 14. Clavel A, Alivares JL, Fleta J, Castillo J, Varea M, Ramos FJ, et al. Seasonality of cryptosporidiosis in children. Eur J Clin Microbiol Inf Dis. 1996;15:77-9. 15. Kapperud G, Skjerve E, Bean NH, Ostroff SM, Lassen J. Risk factors for sporadic Campylobacter infections: results of a case --control study in southeastern Norway. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30(12):3117-21. [[151]PubMed] 16. Neimann J, Engberg J, Molbak K, Wegener HC. A case --control study of risk factors for sporadic Campylobacter infections in Denmark. Epidemiol Infect. 2003;130(3):353-66. [[152]PubMed] 17. Curriero FC, Patz JA, Rose JB, Lele S. The association between extreme precipitation and waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States, 1948 --1994. Am J Pub Health. 2001;91(8):1194-9. [[153]PubMed] 18. Fayer R, Trout JM, Lewis EJ, Xiao L, Lal A, Jenkins MC, et al. Temporal variability of Cryptosporidium in the Chesapeake Bay. Parasitol Res. 2002;88(11):998-1003. [[154]PubMed] 19. Kistemann T, Classen T, Koch C, Dangendorf F, Fischeder R, Gebel J, et al. Microbial load of drinking water reservoir tributaries during extreme rainfall and runoff. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002;68(5):2188-97. [[155]PubMed] 20. MacKenzie WR, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, Gradus MS, Blair KA, Peterson DE, et al. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(3):161-7. [[156]PubMed] 21. Wade TJ, Sandhu SK, Levy D, Lee S, LeChevallier MW, Katz L, et al. Did a severe flood in the Midwest cause an increase in the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms? Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(4):398-405. [[157]PubMed] 22. World Health Organization. Using climate to predict infectious disease outbreaks: a review. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland: 2004. Publication no. WHO/SDE/OEH/04.01. 23. Easterling DR, Evans JL. Observed variability and trends in extreme climate events. Bull Am Meteorol Soc. 2000;81:417-25. 24. Charron D, Thomas M, Waltner-Toews D, Aramini J, Edge T, Kent R, et al. Vulnerability of waterborne diseases to climate change in Canada: a review. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2004;67(20 --22):1667-77. [[158]PubMed] 25. Patz JA, Epstein PR, Burke TA, Balbus JM. Global climate change and emerging infectious diseases. JAMA. 1996;275(3):217-23. [[159]PubMed] 26. Bentham G, Langford IH. Climate change and the incidence of food poisoning in England and Wales. Int J Biometeorol. 1995;39(2):81-6. [[160]PubMed] 27. Ebi KL, Schmier JK. A stitch in time: improving public health early warning systems for extreme weather events. Epidemiol Rev. 2005;27:115-21. [[161]PubMed] 28. da Silva Lopes ACB. Spurious deterministic seasonality and auto-correlation corrections with quarterly data: further Monte Carlo results. Empir Econ. 1999;24(2):341-59. __________________________________________________________________ PubMed articles by these authors * [162]Naumova, E. PubMed related articles * [163]ReviewSeasonality of infectious diseases. Annu Rev Public Health. 2007; 28:127-43. [Annu Rev Public Health. 2007] * [164]ReviewSeasonality and the dynamics of infectious diseases. Ecol Lett. 2006 Apr; 9(4):467-84. [Ecol Lett. 2006] * [165]Seasonal infectious disease epidemiology. Proc Biol Sci. 2006 Oct 7; 273(1600):2541-50. [Proc Biol Sci. 2006] * [166]Seasonal control for an endemic disease with seasonal fluctuations. Theor Popul Biol. 1988 Apr; 33(2):115-25. [Theor Popul Biol. 1988] * [167]Seasonality of primarily childhood and young adult infectious diseases in the United States. Chronobiol Int. 2006; 23(5):1065-82. [Chronobiol Int. 2006] * » [168]See reviews... | » [169]See all... Recent Activity [170]Clear [171]Turn Off [172]Turn On * [173]Mystery of Seasonality: Getting the Rhythm of NatureMystery of Seasonality: Getting the Rhythm of Nature Your browsing activity is empty. Activity recording is turned off. [174]Turn recording back on Links * [175]PubMed * [176]Taxonomy * [177]Taxonomy Tree * [178]Use of passive surveillance data to study temporal and spatial variation in the incidence of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis. Public Health Rep. 2000 Sep-Oct; 115(5):436-47. [Public Health Rep. 2000] * [179]Effect of precipitation on seasonal variability in cryptosporidiosis recorded by the North West England surveillance system in 1990-1999. J Water Health. 2005 Jun; 3(2):185-96. [J Water Health. 2005] * [180]Molecular epidemiological analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. in the United Kingdom: results of genotyping Cryptosporidium spp. in 1,705 fecal samples from humans and 105 fecal samples from livestock animals. J Clin Microbiol. 2000 Nov; 38(11):3984-90. [J Clin Microbiol. 2000] [181]See more articles cited in this paragraph * [182]A comparison of seasonal variation in birthweights between rural Zaire and Ontario. Can J Public Health. 1989 May-Jun; 80(3):205-8. [Can J Public Health. 1989] [183]See more articles cited in this paragraph * [184]Survival of foodborne pathogens on stainless steel surfaces and cross-contamination to foods. Int J Food Microbiol. 2003 Aug 25; 85(3):227-36. [Int J Food Microbiol. 2003] * [185]ReviewFood-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999 Sep-Oct; 5(5):607-25. [Emerg Infect Dis. 1999] * [186]The effect of temperature on food poisoning: a time-series analysis of salmonellosis in ten European countries. Epidemiol Infect. 2004 Jun; 132(3):443-53. [Epidemiol Infect. 2004] [187]See more articles cited in this paragraph * [188]A new analytical tool to assess health risks associated with the virological quality of drinking water (EMIRA study). Water Sci Technol. 2001; 43(12):39-48. [Water Sci Technol. 2001] * [189]ReviewReview of epidemiological studies on health effects from exposure to recreational water. Int J Epidemiol. 1998 Feb; 27(1):1-9. [Int J Epidemiol. 1998] * [190]ReviewGiardia, Cryptosporidium, and Cyclospora and their impact on foods: a review. J Food Prot. 1999 Sep; 62(9):1059-70. [J Food Prot. 1999] * [191]Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks--United States, 1997-1998. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ. 2000 May 26; 49(4):1-21. [MMWR CDC Surveill Summ. 2000] [192]See more articles cited in this paragraph * [193]Risk factors for sporadic Campylobacter infections: results of a case-control study in southeastern Norway. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Dec; 30(12):3117-21. [J Clin Microbiol. 1992] * [194]A case-control study of risk factors for sporadic campylobacter infections in Denmark. Epidemiol Infect. 2003 Jun; 130(3):353-66. [Epidemiol Infect. 2003] [195]See more articles cited in this paragraph * [196]The association between extreme precipitation and waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States, 1948-1994. Am J Public Health. 2001 Aug; 91(8):1194-9. [Am J Public Health. 2001] * [197]Temporal variability of Cryptosporidium in the Chesapeake Bay. Parasitol Res. 2002 Nov; 88(11):998-1003. [Parasitol Res. 2002] * [198]Microbial load of drinking water reservoir tributaries during extreme rainfall and runoff. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 May; 68(5):2188-97. [Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002] * [199]A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med. 1994 Jul 21; 331(3):161-7. [N Engl J Med. 1994] * [200]Did a severe flood in the Midwest cause an increase in the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms? Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Feb 15; 159(4):398-405. [Am J Epidemiol. 2004] [201]See more articles cited in this paragraph * [202]ReviewVulnerability of waterborne diseases to climate change in Canada: a review. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2004 Oct 22-Nov 26; 67(20-22):1667-77. [J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2004] * [203]Global climate change and emerging infectious diseases. JAMA. 1996 Jan 17; 275(3):217-23. [JAMA. 1996] * [204]Climate change and the incidence of food poisoning in England and Wales. Int J Biometeorol. 1995 Nov; 39(2):81-6. [Int J Biometeorol. 1995] [205]See more articles cited in this paragraph * [206]ReviewA stitch in time: improving public health early warning systems for extreme weather events. Epidemiol Rev. 2005; 27():115-21. 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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=newsncbi 252. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Ftp/ 253. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/glance/contact_info.html 254. http://www.nih.gov/ 255. http://www.dhhs.gov/ 256. http://www.usa.gov/ 257. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/disclaimer.html 258. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/disclaimer.html#disclaimer 259. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/privacy.html 260. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/accessibility.html 261. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/glance/contact_info.html 262. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Liens cachés : 263. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2483431/ 264. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2483431/ 265. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2483431/ [USEMAP] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2483431/#logo-imagemap 1. http://publicaccess.nih.gov/ 2. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/authorms.html 3. http://www.nihms.nih.gov/ [USEMAP] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2483431/#pmclogo 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/ 2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pmc 3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ #[1]Edit this page [2]Wikipedia (en) [3]copyright [4]Wikipedia RSS Feed [5]Wikipedia Atom Feed Circadian rhythm From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: [6]navigation, [7]search "Human clock" redirects here. For the online clock, see [8]Humanclock. Overview of human circadian biological clock with some physiological parameters. A circadian rhythm is a roughly 24-hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological or behavioural processes of living entities, including [9]plants, [10]animals, [11]fungi and [12]cyanobacteria (see [13]bacterial circadian rhythms). The term "circadian", coined by [14]Franz Halberg,^[15][1] comes from the [16]Latin [17]circa, "around", and diem or dies, "day", meaning literally "approximately one day". The formal study of biological temporal rhythms such as daily, [18]tidal, weekly, seasonal, and annual rhythms, is called [19]chronobiology. Circadian rhythms are [20]endogenously generated, and can be entrained by external cues, called [21]zeitgebers, the primary one of which is [22]daylight. Contents * [23]1 History * [24]2 Criteria * [25]3 Origin * [26]4 Importance in animals + [27]4.1 Impact of light-dark cycle + [28]4.2 Arctic animals + [29]4.3 Butterfly migration * [30]5 Biological clock in mammals + [31]5.1 Determining the human circadian rhythm + [32]5.2 Outside the "master clock" * [33]6 Light and the biological clock * [34]7 Enforced longer cycles * [35]8 Human health + [36]8.1 Disruption + [37]8.2 Effect of drugs * [38]9 See also * [39]10 References + [40]10.1 Bibliography + [41]10.2 Notes * [42]11 External links [[43]edit] History The earliest known account of a circadian rhythm dates from the 4th century BC, when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under [44]Alexander the Great, described [45]diurnal leaf movements of the [46]tamarind tree.^[47][2] The first modern observation of endogenous circadian oscillation was by the French scientist [48]Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan in the 1700s; he noted that 24-hour patterns in the movement of the leaves of the plant [49]Mimosa pudica continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli. In 1918, J. S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues such as light and changes in temperature.^[50][3] [51]Joseph Takahashi discovered the genetic basis for the rodent circadian rhythm in 1994.^[52][4]^[53][5] [[54]edit] Criteria To differentiate genuinely endogenous circadian rhythms from coincidental or apparent ones, three general criteria must be met: 1) the rhythms persist in the absence of cues, 2) they persist equally precisely over a range of temperatures, and 3) the rhythms can be adjusted to match the local time: * The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example, constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours. The rationale for this criterion is to distinguish circadian rhythms from those "apparent" rhythms that are merely responses to external periodic cues. A rhythm cannot be declared to be endogenous unless it has been tested in conditions without external periodic input. * The rhythm is temperature-compensated, i.e., it maintains the same period over a range of temperatures. The rationale for this criterion is to distinguish circadian rhythms from other biological rhythms arising due to the circular nature of a reaction pathway. At a low enough or high enough temperature, the period of a circular reaction may reach 24 hours, but it will be merely coincidental. * The rhythm can be reset by exposure to an external stimulus. The rationale for this criterion is to distinguish circadian rhythms from other imaginable endogenous 24-hour rhythms that are immune to resetting by external cues and, hence, do not serve the purpose of estimating the local time. Travel across [55]time zones illustrates the necessity of the ability to adjust the biological clock so that it can reflect the local time and anticipate what will happen next. Until rhythms are reset, a person usually experiences [56]jet lag. [[57]edit] Origin [58]Question book-new.svg This section needs additional [59]citations for [60]verification. Please help [61]improve this article by adding [62]reliable references. Unsourced material may be [63]challenged and [64]removed. (October 2007) Photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting the replicating of DNA from high [65]ultraviolet radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus [66]Neurospora, which exists today, retains this [67]clock-regulated mechanism. Circadian rhythms allow organisms to anticipate and prepare for precise and regular environmental changes; they have great value in relation to the outside world. The rhythmicity appears to be as important in regulating and coordinating internal metabolic processes, as in coordinating with the environment.^[68][6] This is suggested by the maintenance (heritability) of circadian rhythms in fruit flies after several hundred generations in constant laboratory conditions,^[69][7] as well as in creatures in constant darkness in the wild, and by the experimental elimination of behavioural but not physiological circadian rhythms in quail.^[70][8] The simplest known circadian clock is that of the prokaryotic [71]cyanobacteria. Recent research has demonstrated that the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus can be reconstituted in vitro with just the three proteins of their central oscillator. This clock has been shown to sustain a 22-hour rhythm over several days upon the addition of [72]ATP. Previous explanations of the [73]prokaryotic circadian timekeeper were dependent upon a DNA transcription / translation feedback mechanism. It is an unanswered question whether circadian clocks in eukaryotic organisms require translation/transcription-derived oscillations, for, although the circadian systems of eukaryotes and prokaryotes have the same basic architecture (input - [74]central oscillator - output), they do not share any [75]homology. This implies probable independent origins. In 1971, Ronald J. Konopka and [76]Seymour Benzer first identified a genetic component of the biological clock using the fruit fly as a model system. Three mutant lines of flies displayed aberrant behaviour: one had a shorter period, another had a longer one, and the third had none. All three mutations mapped to the same gene, which was named [77]period.^[78][9] The same gene was identified to be defective in the sleep disorder FASPS ([79]Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome) in human beings thirty years later, underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known. Their interactions result in an interlocked feedback loop of gene products resulting in periodic fluctuations that the cells of the body interpret as a specific time of the day. A great deal of research on biological clocks was done in the latter half of the 20th century. It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous.^[80][10] At the same time, different cells may communicate with each other resulting in a synchronized output of electrical signaling. These may interface with endocrine glands of the brain to result in periodic release of hormones. The receptors for these hormones may be located far across the body and synchronize the peripheral clocks of various organs. Thus, the information of the time of the day as relayed by the [81]eyes travels to the clock in the brain, and, through that, clocks in the rest of the body may be synchronized. This is how the timing of, for example, sleep/wake, body temperature, thirst, and appetite are coordinately controlled by the biological clock. [[82]edit] Importance in animals Circadian rhythmicity is present in the [83]sleeping and feeding patterns of animals, including human beings. There are also clear patterns of core body temperature, [84]brain wave activity, [85]hormone production, cell regeneration and other biological activities. In addition, [86]photoperiodism, the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of day or night, is vital to both plants and animals, and the circadian system plays a role in the measurement and interpretation of day length. " Timely prediction of seasonal periods of weather conditions, food availability or predator activity is crucial for survival of many species. Although not the only parameter, the changing length of the photoperiod ('daylength') is the most predictive environmental cue for the seasonal timing of physiology and behavior, most notably for timing of migration, hibernation and reproduction.^[87][11] " [[88]edit] Impact of light-dark cycle The rhythm is linked to the light-dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a [89]freerunning rhythm. Each "day", their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward, depending on whether their [90]endogenous period is shorter or longer than 24 hours. The environmental cues that each day reset the rhythms are called [91]Zeitgebers (from the German, Time Givers).^[92][12] It is interesting to note that totally-blind subterranean mammals (e.g., [93]blind mole rat Spalax sp.) are able to maintain their endogenous clocks in the apparent absence of external stimuli. Although they lack image-forming eyes, their photoreceptors (detect light) are still functional; as well, they do surface periodically.^[[94]citation needed] Freerunning organisms that normally have one consolidated sleep episode will still have it when in an environment shielded from external cues, but the rhythm is, of course, not entrained to the 24-hour light/dark cycle in nature. The sleep-wake rhythm may, in these circumstances, become out of phase with other circadian or [95]ultradian rhythms such as [96]temperature and [97]digestion.^[[98]citation needed] Recent research has influenced the design of [99]spacecraft environments, as systems that mimic the light/dark cycle have been found to be highly beneficial to astronauts.^[[100]citation needed] [[101]edit] Arctic animals Norwegian researchers at the [102]University of Tromsø have shown that some Arctic animals ([103]ptarmigan, [104]reindeer) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at [105]70 degrees North showed circadian rhythms in the autumn, winter, and spring, but not in the summer. Reindeer at [106]78 degrees North showed such rhythms only autumn and spring. The researchers suspect that other Arctic animals as well may not show circadian rhythms in the constant light of summer and the constant dark of winter.^[107][13]^[108][14] However, another study in northern Alaska found that [109]ground squirrels and [110]porcupines strictly maintained their circadian rhythms through 82 days and nights of sunshine. The researchers speculate that these two small mammals see that the apparent distance between the sun and the horizon is shortest once a day, and, thus, a sufficient signal to adjust by.^[111][15] [[112]edit] Butterfly migration The navigation of the fall migration of the [113]Eastern North American monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) to their overwintering grounds in central Mexico uses a time-compensated sun compass that depends upon a circadian clock in their antennae.^[114][16]^[115][17] [[116]edit] Biological clock in mammals Diagram illustrating the influence of light and darkness on circadian rhythms and related [117]physiology and behaviour through the [118]suprachiasmatic nucleus in humans. The primary circadian "clock" in [119]mammals is located in the [120]suprachiasmatic nucleus (or nuclei) ([121]SCN), a pair of distinct groups of [122]cells located in the [123]hypothalamus. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep-wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about illumination through the eyes. The [124]retina of the eyes contains not only "classical" [125]photoreceptors but also photoresponsive retinal [126]ganglion cells. These cells, which contain a photo pigment called [127]melanopsin, follow a pathway called the [128]retinohypothalamic tract, leading to the SCN. If cells from the SCN are removed and cultured, they maintain their own rhythm in the absence of external cues. It appears that the SCN takes the information on the lengths of the day and night from the retina, interprets it, and passes it on to the [129]pineal gland, a tiny structure shaped like a [130]pine cone and located on the [131]epithalamus. In response the pineal secretes the hormone [132]melatonin. Secretion of melatonin peaks at night and ebbs during the day and its presence provides information about night-length. The circadian rhythms of humans can be entrained to slightly shorter and longer periods than the Earth's 24 hours. Researchers at Harvard have recently shown that human subjects can at least be entrained to a 23.5-hour cycle and a 24.65-hour cycle (the latter being the natural solar day-night cycle on the planet [133]Mars).^[134][18] [[135]edit] Determining the human circadian rhythm The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are * melatonin secretion by the pineal gland and * core body temperature. For temperature studies, people must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. The average human adult's temperature reaches its minimum at about 05:00 (5 a.m.), about two hours before habitual wake time, though variation is great among normal [136]chronotypes. Melatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at about 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major [137]metabolite can also be measured in morning urine. Both DLMO and the midpoint (in time) of the presence of the hormone in the blood or saliva have been used as circadian markers. However, newer research indicates that the melatonin offset may be the most reliable marker. Benloucif et al. in Chicago in 2005 found that melatonin phase markers were more stable and more highly correlated with the timing of sleep than the core temperature minimum. They found that both sleep offset and melatonin offset were more strongly correlated with the various phase markers than sleep onset. In addition, the declining phase of the melatonin levels was more reliable and stable than the termination of melatonin synthesis.^[138][19] One method used for measuring melatonin offset is to analyse a sequence of urine samples throughout the morning for the presence of the melatonin [139]metabolite 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s). Laberge et al. in Quebec in 1997 used this method in a study that confirmed the frequently found delayed circadian phase in healthy adolescents.^[140][20] [[141]edit] Outside the "master clock" More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the [142]oesophagus, [143]lungs, [144]liver, [145]pancreas, [146]spleen, [147]thymus, and the [148]skin.^[149][21] Though oscillators in the skin respond to light, a systemic influence has not been proven so far.^[150][22]^[151][23] There is some evidence that also the olfactory bulb and prostate may experience oscillations when cultured, suggesting that also these structures may be weak oscillators. Furthermore, liver cells, for example, appear to respond to feeding rather than to [152]light. Cells from many parts of the body appear to have freerunning rhythms. [[153]edit] Light and the biological clock Light resets the biological clock in accordance with the [154]phase response curve (PRC). Depending on the timing, light can advance or delay the circadian rhythm. Both the PRC and the required [155]illuminance vary from species to species and lower light levels are required to reset the clocks in nocturnal rodents than in humans. Lighting levels that affect circadian rhythm in humans are higher than the levels usually used in artificial lighting in homes. According to some researchers^[156][24] the illumination intensity that excites the circadian system has to reach up to 1000 [157]lux striking the retina. In addition to light intensity, wavelength (or colour) of light is a factor in the entrainment of the body clock. [158]Melanopsin is most efficiently excited by blue light, 420-440 nm^[159][25] according to some researchers while others have reported 470-485 nm. It is thought that the direction of the light may have an effect on entraining the circadian rhythm;^[160][24] light coming from above, resembling an image of a bright sky, has greater effect than light entering our eyes from below. [[161]edit] Enforced longer cycles Modern research under very controlled conditions has shown the human period for adults to be just slightly longer than 24 hours on average. Czeisler et al. at Harvard found the range for normal, healthy adults of all ages to be quite narrow: 24 hours and 11 minutes ± 16 minutes. The "clock" resets itself daily to the 24-hour cycle of the Earth's rotation.^[162][26] The 28-hour day is presented as a concept of [163]time management.^[164][27] It builds on the fact that the week of seven days at 24 hours and a "week" of six days at 28 hours both equal a week of 168 hours. To live on the 28-hour day and six-day week would require staying awake for 19 to 20 hours and sleeping for eight to nine hours. Each "day" on this system has a unique light/dark pattern. Studies by [165]Nathaniel Kleitman^[166][28] in 1938 and by [167]Derk-Jan Dijk and [168]Charles Czeisler^[169][29]^[170][30] in 1994/5 have put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep-wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because normal people cannot entrain to a 28-hour day,^[171][31] this is referred to as a forced desynchrony protocol. Sleep and wake episodes are uncoupled from the endogenous circadian period of about 24.18 hours and researchers are allowed to assess the effects of circadian phase on aspects of sleep and wakefulness including [172]sleep latency and other functions.^[173][32] Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. Early investigators determined the human circadian period to be 25 hours or more. They went to great lengths to shield subjects from time cues and daylight, but they were not aware of the effects of indoor electric lights. The subjects were allowed to turn on light when they were awake and to turn it off when they wanted to sleep. Electric light in the evening delayed their circadian phase. These results became well known.^[174][26] Researchers allowed subjects to keep electric lighting on in the evening, as it was thought at that time that a couple of 60W bulbs would not have a resetting effect on the circadian rhythms of humans. More recent research^[[175]citation needed] has shown that adults have a built-in day, which averages just over 24 hours, that indoor lighting does affect circadian rhythms and that most people attain their best-quality sleep during their [176]chronotype-determined sleep periods. [[177]edit] Human health Timing of medical treatment in coordination with the body clock may significantly increase efficacy and reduce drug toxicity or adverse reactions. For example, appropriately timed treatment with [178]angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) may reduce nocturnal blood pressure and also benefit [179]left ventricular (reverse) remodelling.^[[180]citation needed] A short nap during the day does not affect circadian rhythms. A number of studies have concluded that a short period of sleep during the day, a [181]power-nap, does not have any effect on normal circadian rhythm, but can decrease stress and improve productivity.^[182][33]^[183][34] There are many health problems associated with disturbances of the human circadian rhythm, such as [184]seasonal affective disorder (SAD), [185]delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) and other [186]circadian rhythm disorders.^[187][35] Circadian rhythms also play a part in the [188]reticular activating system, which is crucial for maintaining a state of consciousness. In addition, a reversal in the sleep-wake cycle may be a sign or complication of [189]uremia,^[190][36] [191]azotemia or [192]acute renal failure. [[193]edit] Disruption Disruption to rhythms usually has a negative effect. Many travellers have experienced the condition known as [194]jet lag, with its associated symptoms of [195]fatigue, disorientation and [196]insomnia. A number of other disorders, for example [197]bipolar disorder and some [198]sleep disorders, are associated with irregular or pathological functioning of circadian rhythms. Recent research suggests that circadian rhythm disturbances found in [199]bipolar disorder are positively influenced by [200]lithium's effect on clock genes.^[201][37] Disruption to rhythms in the longer term is believed to have significant adverse health consequences on peripheral organs outside the brain, particularly in the development or exacerbation of cardiovascular disease [202][2] The suppression of melatonin production associated with the disruption of the circadian rhythm may increase the risk of developing cancer.^[203][38]^[204][39] [[205]edit] Effect of drugs Circadian rhythms and clock genes expressed in brain regions outside the SCN may significantly influence the effects produced by drugs such as [206]cocaine.^[207][40]^[208][41] Moreover, genetic manipulations of clock genes profoundly affect cocaine's actions.^[209][42] [[210]edit] See also * [211]Actigraphy (also known as Actimetry) * [212]Advanced sleep phase syndrome * [213]ARNTL * [214]ARNTL2 * [215]Bacterial circadian rhythms * [216]Chronobiology * [217]Chronotype * [218]Circadian oscillator * [219]Circadian rhythm sleep disorders * [220]Cryptochrome * [221]CRY1 and [222]CRY2, the cryptochrome family genes * [223]Delayed sleep phase syndrome * [224]Diurnal cycle * [225]Jet lag * [226]Light effects on circadian rhythm * [227]PER1, [228]PER2, and [229]PER3, the period family genes * [230]Power-nap [[231]edit] References [[232]edit] Bibliography * Aschoff J (ed.) (1965) Circadian Clocks. North Holland Press, Amsterdam * Avivi A, Albrecht U, Oster H, Joel A, Beiles A, Nevo E. 2001. Biological clock in total darkness: the Clock/MOP3 circadian system of the blind subterranean mole rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:13751-13756. * Avivi A, Oster H, Joel A, Beiles A, Albrecht U, Nevo E. 2002. Circadian genes in a blind subterranean mammal II: conservation and uniqueness of the three Period homologs in the blind subterranean mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:11718-11723. * Ditty JL, Williams SB, Golden SS (2003) A cyanobacterial circadian timing mechanism. Annu Rev Genet 37:513-543 * Dunlap JC, Loros J, DeCoursey PJ (2003) Chronobiology: Biological Timekeeping. Sinauer, Sunderland * Dvornyk V, Vinogradova ON, Nevo E (2003) Origin and evolution of circadian clock genes in prokaryotes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:2495-2500 * Koukkari WL, Sothern RB (2006) Introducing Biological Rhythms. 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L.; Kenneth P. Wright, Jr., Richard E. Kronauer, Charles A. Czeisler (2007-08-08). [286]"Plasticity of the Intrinsic Period of the Human Circadian Timing System". PLoS ONE 2 (1): e721. [287]doi:[288]10.1371/journal.pone.0000721. [289]PMID [290]17684566. [291]PMC [292]1934931. [293]http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal. pone.0000721. Retrieved 2007-12-31. 19. [294]^ Benloucif, S.; Guico, M.J.; Reid, K.J.; Wolfe, L.F.; L'Hermite-Baleriaux, M.; Zee, P.C. (2005). [295]"Stability of melatonin and temperature as circadian phase markers and their relation to sleep times in humans". J Biol Rhythms (Chicago, Illinois, USA: Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Departments of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine) 20 (2): 178-88. [296]doi:[297]10.1177/0748730404273983. [298]PMID [299]15834114. [300]http://www.websciences.org/cftemplate/NAPS/archives/indiv.cfm? issn=20045590. Retrieved 2007-12-18. 20. 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[309]"Healthy Lighting, from a lighting designer's perspective". Milena Lighting Design. [310]http://www.enlighter.org/images/2009/01/healthyLighting.pdf. 25. [311]^ Newman LA, Walker MT, Brown RL, Cronin TW, Robinson PR: "Melanopsin forms a functional short-wavelength photopigment", Biochemistry. 2003 Nov 11;42(44):12734-8. 26. ^ [312]^a [313]^b [314]"Human Biological Clock Set Back an Hour". 1999. [315]http://www.hno.harvard.edu/gazette/1999/07.15/bioclock24.html. Retrieved 2007-09-23. "The variation between our subjects, with a 95 percent level of confidence, was no more than plus or minus 16 minutes, a remarkably small range." 27. [316]^ Digital Beat Productions (1997). [317]"28 Hour Day". [318]http://www.dbeat.com/28/benefit2.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-19. 28. [319]^ Kleitman, Nathaniel (1962). Sleep and Wakefullness ed 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 29. [320]^ Dijk, Derk-Jan; Czeisler Charles (1994). 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[357]doi:[358]10.1038/sj.npp.1300254. [359]PMID [360]12865893. 41. [361]^ Kurtuncu M, Arslan A, Akhisaroglu M, Manev H, Uz T (2004). "Involvement of the pineal gland in diurnal cocaine reward in mice". Eur J Pharmacol 489 (3): 203-5. [362]doi:[363]10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.03.010. [364]PMID [365]15087244. 42. [366]^ McClung C, Sidiropoulou K, Vitaterna M, Takahashi J, White F, Cooper D, Nestler E (2005). [367]"Regulation of dopaminergic transmission and cocaine reward by the Clock gene". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 (26): 9377-81. [368]doi:[369]10.1073/pnas.0503584102. [370]PMID [371]15967985. [[372]edit] External links * [373]Circadian rhythm at the [374]Open Directory Project * Leloup J.C. (2009). "Circadian clocks and phosphorylation: Insights from computational modeling". Cent. Eur. J. Biol. 4 (3): 290-303. [375]doi:[376]10.2478/s11535-009-0025-1. * Rodrigo G, Carrera J, Jaramillo A (2007). "Evolutionary mechanisms of circadian clocks". Cent. Eur. J. Biol. 2 (2): 233-253. [377]doi:[378]10.2478/s11535-007-0016-z. 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Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [441]Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. * [442]Contact us * [443]Privacy policy * [444]About Wikipedia * [445]Disclaimers Références Liens visibles 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/opensearch_desc.php 3. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=rss 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm#column-one 7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm#searchInput 8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanclock 9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant 10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal 11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi 12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria 13. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_circadian_rhythms 14. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Halberg 15. 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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page 453. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ [1][dailyomlogo2.gif] Today's DailyOM brought to you by: [2]Click Here to Heal Yourself with Writing [3][nav-signup.gif] [nav-line.gif] [4][nav-mydailyom.gif] [nav-line.gif] [5][nav-marketplace.gif] [nav-line.gif] [6][nav-community.gif] [nav-line.gif] [7][nav-courses.gif] [bambooborder2.jpg] [Articles......] _______________ [search.gif]-Submit [8][nav-giftshop.gif] [nav-line.gif] [9][nav-shoppingcart.gif] January 2, 2006 Universal Timing Life's Natural Rhythm Nature's natural rhythms orchestrate when day turns to night, when flowers must bloom, and provides the cue for when it is time for red and brown leaves to fall from trees. As human beings, our own inner rhythm is attuned to this universal sense of timing. Guided by the rising and setting of the sun, changes in temperature, and our own internal rhythm, we know when it is time to sleep, eat, or be active. While our minds and spirits are free to focus on other pursuits, our breath and our heartbeat are always there to remind us of life's pulsing rhythm that moves within and around us. Moving to this rhythm, we know when it is time to stop working and when to rest. Pushing our bodies to work beyond their natural rhythm diminishes our ability to renew and recharge. A feeling much like jet lag lets us know when we've overridden our own natural rhythm. When we feel the frantic calls of all we want to accomplish impelling us to move faster than is natural for us, we may want to breathe deeply instead and look at nature moving to its own organic timing: birds flying south, leaves shedding, or snow falling. A walk in nature can also let us re-attune is to her organic rhythm, while allowing us to move back in time with our own. When we move to our natural rhythm, we can achieve all we need to do with less effort. We may even notice that our soul moves to its own internal, natural rhythm - especially when it comes to our personal evolution. Comparing ourselves to others is unnecessary. Our best guide is to move to our own internal timing, while keeping time with the rhythm of nature. Click to follow DailyOM on [10]Twitter and [11]Facebook What do you think? [12]Discuss this article and share your opinion Want more DailyOM? [13]Register for your free email, or [14]browse all articles Life's Natural Rhythm Share the OM: [15][emailfriend.gif] [16]Email this to a friend [17][printerfriendly.gif] [18]Printable version [19][icon-mydailyom.gif] [20]Save in My DailyOM [21][icon-discuss.gif] [22]Discuss this article [23][horoscopes1.jpg] Today's friend of OM: Register now to receive your [24]free daily horoscope from DailyOM. Seven days each week, your daily astrological insight offering a more personal variety of guidance will appear in your email inbox. DailyOM Horoscopes are specifically tailored to your life, as influenced by the stars. 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