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rhythm game using body percussion
[61][print.gif] Printable Version for your convenience!
Title - rhythm game using body percussion
By - Michelle L. Miller
Primary Subject - Music
Secondary Subjects -
Grade Level - 4-8
Objective: Students will be able to accurately write and count rhythms.
Write a whole note, half note, quarter note, eighth notes in a group of
two, sixteenth notes in a group of four, and a quarter rest on the
board. Under each symbol write a body percussion element to be used for
each. I use "slide" (drag hands from shoulders to hips) for whole
notes, "brush" (brush hands along arms from shoulder to shoulder) for
half notes, "clap" (clap hands) for quarter notes, "snap snap" (snap
fingers alternating hands) for eighth notes, pat thighs for sixteenth
notes, and palms up for quarter rests. Distinguish these patterns and
their counting values to students. Write a 4-beat rhythm on the board
and ask students to substitute body percussion for written notes/rests.
Have students "play" rhythm back to teacher to show understanding.
To implement as a game: divide students into teams (I usually use 3
teams and number off students). One person from each team goes up to
the board and faces teacher. Teacher counts off 4 beats of prep, then
plays a 4-beat pattern with body percussion (such as clap pat pat pat
pat snap snap palms up--
quarter note, 4 sixteenths, 2 eighths, quarter rest).
Students on "go" face the board and write the rhythm as performed. Play
for students as needed to check accuracy; after a few times they only
need one play. The first team member to write the rhythm accurately
gets 3 points, second one done gets 2 points (if correct), last one
done gets 1 point (if correct). No points are taken away for incorrect
answers. The team with the most points at the end of class wins. The
whole lesson takes about 30 minutes.
Evaluation: students can accurately write and count rhythms as
performed by teacher.
Follow-up: students learn the importance of listening skills
development and have fun at the same time!!
NOTE: I've used this game for about two years now and my students love
it (even my jr. high kids)!! It's a great game for learning rhythms and
counting. I use elements of this game for my band students as well.
Have fun!!
E-Mail [62]Michelle L. Miller!
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Biorhythms
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Medical Author: [39]William C. Shiel, Jr., MD, FACP, FACR
Medical Editor: [40]Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD
* [41]What are biologic rhythms?
* [42]How does the "body clock" affects symptoms of illness?
* [43]What are examples of specific diseases affected by biorhythms?
* [44]Angina
* [45]Heart attack
* [46]High blood pressure (hypertension)
* [47]Hay fever (allergic rhinitis)
* [48]Asthma
* [49]Can the "body clock" affect diagnostic testing?
* [50]Can drug therapy be matched to the "body clock?"
* [51]Chronobiology: marking time, making progress
What are biologic rhythms?
What are biologic rhythms? In essence, they're the rhythms of life. All
forms of life on earth, including our bodies, respond rhythmically to
the regular cycles of the sun, moon, and seasons.
For example, as night turns into day, vital body functions, including
heart rate and [52]blood pressure, speed up in anticipation of
increased physical activity. These and other predictable fluctuations
in body function, taking place during specific time cycles, are our
biologic rhythms. They are regulated by "biologic clock" mechanisms
located in the brain.
Although biologic rhythms can be "reprogrammed" by environmental
influences (such as when a person regularly works the night shift and
sleeps during the day), they are genetically "hard-wired" into our
cells, tissues, and organs.
Medical chronobiologists have found that biologic rhythms can affect
the severity of disease symptoms, diagnostic test results, and even the
body's response to drug therapy. Now these investigators are working to
discover how the rhythms of life can be used to improve the practice of
medicine - and your health.
These time-related medical observations, and others still in the
exciting process of discovery, are rooted in chronobiology (chronos -
time; bios - life; logos - science), the study of biologic rhythms.
How does the "body clock" affects symptoms of illness?
Among the various biologic rhythm cycles that medical chronobiologists
study, the 24-hour day/night-activity/rest cycle is considered a key
chronobiologic factor in medical [53]diagnosis and treatment. Formally
known as the [54]circadian rhythm, it's also referred to as the "body
clock."
Why is the 24-hour body clock so important?
Because so many of our normal body functions follow daily patterns of
speeding up and slowing down, intensifying and diminishing, in
alignment with circadian rhythm. Interestingly, so do the symptoms of a
number of [55]chronic disorders:
Allergic rhinitis: (nasal inflammation associated with hay fever)
Symptoms of sneezing, [56]runny nose, and stuffy nose are typically
worse in the early waking hours than later during the day.
Asthma: In most patients, symptoms are more than 100 times as likely to
occur in the few hours prior to awakening than during the day.
Stable angina: [57]Chest pain and [58]electrocardiographic (ECG, EKG)
abnormalities are most common during the first 4 to 6 hours after
awakening.
[59]Prinzmetal's angina: ECG abnormalities are most common during
[60]sleep; chest pain can occur even while at rest.
Heart attack: Heart attack most commonly occurs in the early waking
hours.
Stroke: [61]Strokes most commonly occur in the early waking hours.
Hypertension: The highest blood pressure readings typically occur from
late morning to middle afternoon; lowest occur during early sleep.
Therapy now exists that works with your body clock; consult your
physician about this treatment. Clinical studies are underway to
further this research.
[62]Rheumatoid arthritis: RA symptoms are most intense upon awakening.
[63]Osteoarthritis: Symptoms of osteoarthritis worsen in the afternoon
and evening.
Ulcer disease: The pain typically occurs after stomach emptying,
following daytime meals, and in the very early morning, disrupting
sleep.
[64]Epilepsy: Seizures often occur only at particular times of the day
or night; individual patterns differ among patients.
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[96]Hay Fever »
What is hay fever? What are the symptoms and signs?
Hay fever is a misnomer. Hay is not a usual cause of this problem, and
it does not cause fever. Early descriptions of sneezing, nasal
congestion, and eye irritation while harvesting field hay promoted this
popular term. Allergic rhinitis is the correct term used to describe
this allergic reaction, and many different substances cause the
allergic symptoms noted in hay fever. Rhinitis means "irritation of the
nose" and is a derivative of rhino, meaning nose. Allergic rhinitis
which occurs during a specific season is called "seasonal allergic
rhinitis." When it occurs throughout the year, it is called "perennial
allergic rhinitis."
Symptoms of allergic rhinitis, or hay fever, frequently include nasal
congestion, a clear runny nose, sneezing, nose and eye itching, and
excess tear production in the eyes. Postnasal dripping of clear mucus
frequently causes a cough. Loss of the sense ...
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Journal Article [33]Printable view
Postoperative deep body temperature rhythm
Postoperative deep body temperature rhythm
Journal [34]Surgery Today
Publisher Springer Japan
ISSN 0941-1291 (Print) 1436-2813 (Online)
Issue [35]Volume 17, Number 3 / May, 1987
Category Short Communication
DOI 10.1007/BF02470602
Pages 209-212
Subject Collection [36]Medicine
SpringerLink Date Thursday, July 20, 2006
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Short Communication
Postoperative deep body temperature rhythm
Jun Narumi^1 Contact Information , Kozo Suma^1, Hidemi Kaneko^1,
Yasuo Takeuchi^1, Kenji Inoue^1, Kenji Shiroma^1 and Yuji Koyama^1
(1) Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, 2nd Hospital of Tokyo
Women's Medical College, 2-1-10 Nishiogu, Arakawaku, 116 Tokyo, Japan
Received: 7 April 1986
Abstract The postoperative deep body temperature rhythms of fifteen
patients who received aorto-coronary bypass surgery (group I), and of
seven patients who received non-cardiac major surgery (group II), were
studied. Postoperative patients, especially those who received
aortocoronary bypass surgery, showed greatly disturbed deep body
temperature rhythm. There existed infradian and ultradian rhythm in
both groups, and there existed two patients in group I who did not show
sinusoidal rhythm. The patients of group I also showed a longer period
of rhythm than did those of group II. The mesor and amplitude of the
patients in group I showed a greater individual variation than did
those in group II. The acrophase of both groups deviated widely. The
patients who underwent cardiac surgery needed a longer time for
temperature rhythm recovery than did those who underwent general
surgery.
Key Words deep body temperature rhythm - intensive care
unit - post-operative patients
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Rhythms and Body Clock
Circadian Rhythm
From the Latin circa (about) dies (a day), the circadian rhythm is the
twenty-four-hour cycle of light/dark, wakefulness/sleep to which most
human physiologic processes are set. At regular intervals each day, the
body tends to become hungry, tired, active, listless, energized. Body
temperature, heart-beat, blood pressure, hormone levels, and urine flow
rise and fall in this relatively predictable, rhythmic pattern - a
pattern initiated and governed by exposure to sunlight and darkness.
Experiments where humans were placed in isolation chambers, cut off
from all potential environmental cues, have shown that, in the absence
of natural daylight, rhythms are still maintained. But in the absence
of the day light, the rhythms tend to deviate from 24 hours. For
instance, the rhythms was found to expand to 24-30 hours, thus
disrupting the biological processes over a long period of time.
The fact that animals and humans can continue to function according to
daily and annual rhythms in the absence of external environmental
stimuli means that animals and humans possess some kind of biological
clock, which act as a backup mechanism in case it cannot get the proper
stimuli from the natural events such as sunshine.
This behavior can be illustrated by our clocks. Let us say, our clock
is running slow. Over a period of time, the clock may lag the actual
time because of this defect. Usually, we will reset the clock when it
gets far out of sync by other external stimuli like a radio or phone
time. Now, if we do not have access to this external synchronizing
signal, the clock can get far out of line with the reality. Our body
clocks functions the same way. The biological clock can keep the time;
but in the absence of correction from the day/light cycle provided by
the sun, the biological clock tend go out of sync affecting our
physical and mental health. A similar thing happens when we travel
across time zones; we tend to experience what is known as "jet lag".
However, in the absence of natural light our body clocks may lose or
gain a little time. This in turn could lead to the desynchronization of
different rhythms. For example, in the absence of sufficient
environmental light the sleep-wake and associated rest-activity rhythms
may lengthen to a cycle of between 30 and 48 hours, while the
temperature rhythm may remain at a period of, say, 25 hours. Such
desynchronization of the body's intricate rhythms is suspected to
trigger problems: hormonal imbalances, sleep disorders and mood
disturbances.
Circannual Rhythm
Circannual rhythm is the annual or yearly cycle used by all living
things.
Circaseptan Rhythm
Circaseptan rhythm is a seven-day cycle in which the biological
processes of life, including disease symptoms and development, resolve.
Many physicians believe that transplant patients tend to have more
rejection episodes seven, fourteen, twenty-one, and twenty-eight days
after surgery. They further believe that medications administered to
the patients at particular times may be more effective than at other
times. These are all related to the circaseptan rhythm.
How does the brain know when it is light or dark?
Deep within the brain, inside the hypothalamus, lie two clusters of
cells (i.e., neurons) called the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Each of
these SCN is composed of more than 8,000 neurons. The SCN act as the
body's circadian pacemaker. In mammals, the SCN appear to get their
information from photoreceptors in the retina, which transmit signals
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What happens after the light/dark signal reaches the SCN?
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adjacent to the hypothalamus above the brain stem. Stimulated by the
message it receives from the SCN, the pineal gland either secretes its
main hormone, melatonin, or inhibits melatonin's release, which may
result in the production of serotonin as was explained before.
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[52]Bipolar Disorder
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[69]Basic Information
[70]Introduction to Bipolar Disorder
[71]Introduction to Bipolar Disorder and Mood Disorders[72]Movement on
an Energy Continuum: Bipolar Disorder, Mania and Manic Episodes
[73]Types of Bipolar and Similar Disorders
[74]Hypomania and Hypomanic Episodes Defined[75]Bipolar Disorder -
Depression, Major Depressive Episodes and Mixed Episodes[76]Recognized
Types of Bipolar Disorder[77]Mental Health Conditions Similar but
Distinct from Bipolar Disorder[78]Borderline Personality Disorder and
Schizoaffective Disorder Show Symptoms Similar to Bipolar
Disorder[79]Bipolar Disorder versus Major Depression and Premenstrual
Dysphoric Disorder
[80]Current Understandings and Body Systems
[81]Statistics and Patterns in Bipolar Disorder[82]Historical and
Contemporary Understandings of Bipolar Disorder[83]History and
Evolution of Bipolar Disorder Diagnosis[84]Contemporary Understanding
of Bipolar Disorder: Causes and Outcomes[85]Neurochemistry and
Endocrinology in Bipolar Disorder[86]Immunology and Bipolar
Disorder[87]Body Rhythms and Bipolar Disorder[88]Brain Imaging and
Bipolar Disorder
[89]Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder
[90]Bipolar Diagnosis and Bipolar I[91]Bipolar II Disorder,
Cyclothymia, and Bipolar Disorder, NOS
[92]Medication Treatments for Bipolar Disorder
[93]Bipolar Medication Treatment[94]Bipolar Disorder Treatment -
Lithium[95]Bipolar Disorder Treatment - Valproate and
Carbamazepine[96]Bipolar Disorder Treatment - Lamotrigine, Gabapentin,
Topiramate and Calcium Channel Blockers[97]Bipolar Disorder Treatment -
Antipsychotic Medications and Omega-3 fatty acids[98]Bipolar Disorder
Treatment - SSRI and SNRI Antidepressants[99]Bipolar Disorder Treatment
- Tricyclics, MAOIs, and Other Antidepressants
[100]Psychotherapy and Other Treatments
[101]Bipolar Disorder Treatment - Hospitalization and Electroconvulsive
Therapy[102]Bipolar Disorder Treatment - Psychotherapy and Cognitive
Behavioral Therapy[103]Bipolar Disorder Treatment - Family Focused
Therapy and Interpersonal/Social Rhythm Therapy
[104]Self-Help and Helping Others
[105]Self-Help for Bipolar Disorder[106]How Family And Friends Can Help
Those with Bipolar Disorder[107]Bipolar Disorder Suicide[108]How Family
and Friends of Those with Bipolar Disorder Can Help Themselves
[109]References and Reading List
[110]Bipolar Disorder Reading List[111]Bipolar Disorder References
[112]More Information
[113]Bipolar Disorder in Children? Yes![114]Bipolar Disorder Research
at the National Institute of Mental Health[115]Bipolar Disorder,
Treating the Whole Person[116]Child and Adolescent Bipolar Disorder: An
Update from the National Institute of Mental Health[117]Depression and
Its Meanings[118]Disentangling Rapid-Cycling Bipolar From
Borderline[119]Disentangling Rapid-Cycling Bipolar From
Borderline[120]Going to Extremes - Bipolar Disorder[121]Marijuana Makes
it Worse, Revisited[122]Mental Health: Our Troubled Teenagers[123]Of
Othello and Delusional Jealousy[124]Spotlight on a Live
Journal[125]Teenage Depression and Consequences[126]The Link Between
Bipolar Disorder and Anger[127]Where There is Life, There is Hope,
Depression and Why Suicide is Not an Option.[128]Wise Counsel Interview
Transcript: An Interview with Lorna Hyde Graev on Living With Bipolar
Disorder[129]Wise Counsel Interview Transcript: An Interview with
Yulonda Brown on Surviving Abuse and Bipolar
[130]Tests
[131]Goldberg Mania Questionnaire
[132]Latest News
[133]Drug Treatments Compared in Bipolar Disorder[134]Lithium Beats
Valproate for Long-Term Bipolar Therapy[135]Clinical Trials Update:
Dec. 10, 2009[136]Anti-Epileptic Drugs Found Safe to Treat Bipolar
Disorder[137]Risk of Birth Defects with Valproate Sodium and Related
Products[138]Clinical Trials Update: Nov. 30, 2009[139]Bipolar Disorder
May Be Tied to Body Clock[140]Clinical Trials Update: Nov. 23,
2009[141]Twin Study Eyes Inflammation in Those With Bipolar
Disorder[142]Saphris Approved for Schizophrenia and Bipolar
Disorder[143]Gloomy Days Dim Cognitive Powers of the
Depressed[144]Depression Poses Pregnancy Risks[145]Schizophrenia and
Bipolar Disorder Share Genetic Roots[146]Risperdal Consta Approved for
Bipolar Disorder[147]Parent's Bipolar Disorder, Offspring's Mental
Illness Linked
[148]Questions and Answers
[149]Anger Driven Down Wrong Road[150]I Don't Know What To Do[151]New
Diagnosis...My Doc Says I Am Not Bipolar. Should I Go Back to My
Medication?[152]Bipolar Woman with Secret Lives[153]Dealing with
Bipolar Dsorder[154]Is This Bi Polar?[155]A Mom In Need of Help[156]Im
so confused...is is BPD or Bipolar? [157]Not Normal[158]Anger and
Irritability in my husband's behaviour[159]I am bulimic for more than
10 years, and it is killing me...[160]Can I survive without all these
horrible meds?[161]Where can I get the energy[162]Bipolar sister,
Narcissist boyfriend[163]Should I give up on this marriage?[164]Is she
mentally ill and is there anything i can do?[165]Bipolar and
children[166]Will I be ok without professional help?[167]Pregnant with
bipolar[168]Is it ok to feel this way?[169]abuse toward
bi-polars[170]Loyalty or Love?[171]Possible borderline?[172]Dealing
with a family member's complete personality change[173]What type of
exams can proven that a person has bipolar disorder?[174]Am I
bipolar?[175]Bi-polar with PTSD[176]bipolar and homosexuality[177]Yoga
help Bipolar[178]Is Bipolar Inheritable?[179]Physically Abusive
Mentally Ill Son[180]An Empty Shell[181]Sarcastic And Wanting To
Change[182]Out Of Control Friend[183]Bipolar Parenting[184]Odd Eating
Disorder[185]Can ADHD Turn Into Bipolar?[186]Is Bipolar
Inheritable?[187]Single, Stressed And Guilty[188]Bipolar and
Drinking...[189]Marital Crisis[190]Do I Still Need Therapy If I'm
Medicated?[191]Hope For An Alcoholic Manic-Depressive[192]Are Bipolars
Abusive?[193]Parttime Bipolar Girlfriend[194]How Can I Help My Bipolar
Wife?[195]Marijuana?[196]Possible Klonopin Addiction[197]Bipolar
Wife[198]A Test For Bipolar Disorder?[199]Did I Cause My Daughter's
Depression?[200]How Can I Help My Alcoholic Unmedicated Bipolar
Girlfriend?[201]Treatment is Too Much Trouble[202]Bipolar
Illness[203]HMO Blues[204]Problem Child[205]Helping Someone with
Bipolar Disorder[206]Cyclical Moods[207]Depression and
Friendship[208]How Can I Help My Friend?[209]What To Treat
First?[210]Bipolar Chat Rooms?[211]Bipolar or Just Moody?[212]Alone and
Bipolar[213]More Than Friends?[214]Merlin writes:[215]Suzanne writes:
[216]Blog Entries
[217]The Stigma of "Disorder": Wisdom from Therese Borchard[218]Where
There is Life, There is Hope, Depression and Why Suicide is Not an
Option.[219]Living Bipolar: Do you Know Your Triggers?[220]Research
Suggests Mindfulness Reduces Bipolar Relapse[221]Marijuana Makes it
Worse, Revisited[222]Getting Unstuck from the Cycle of Bipolar
Disorder[223]Of Othello and Delusional Jealousy[224]Why it May be Good
If Your Kid has ADHD or Bipolar Genes[225]Bipolar Disorder in Children?
Yes![226]Misdiagnosing Bipolar Disorder: What's at Stake[227]The Link
Between Bipolar Disorder and Anger[228]Star Wars, Stigma, and Carrie
Fisher[229]Bipolar Disorder: What's in a Label?[230]Spotlight on a Live
Journal[231]Mental Health: Our Troubled Teenagers[232]Depression and
Its Meanings[233]Teenage Depression and Consequences[234]Celebrities
Also Have Bipolar Disorder [235]Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Personality
Disorder or Bipolar Disorder?[236]One Strategy You Need to Know for
Bipolar Disorder[237]Personality Disorders and Bipolar Disorder[238]Do
You Have a Bipolar Crisis Kit?[239]Are You at Risk for Depression?
Here's One Way to Find Out[240]Bipolar Mood Swings? 4 Steps to Nip Them
in the Bud[241]Bipolar Disorder: 5 Steps to Sleep [242]Bipolar
Disorder, Treating the Whole Person[243]Handling Difficult Emotions:
The Path Less Traveled[244] To Do: 3 Steps to Healing When You're
Feeling Blue [245]Depression: How We Get Stuck and What Can
Help[246]Break Free from the Mental Recession or Depression by Doing
Less[247]Feeling Depressed? Here's 1 practice that could begin to turn
it around[248]How you can be triggered into depressionwithout even
knowing it[249]Marijuana Makes It Worse: Severe Mental
Illnesses[250]Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation device for
treatment-resistant Major Depression just approved by the
FDA[251]National Depression Screening Day is just around the corner
(October 10th!)[252]Press "D" for Depression Therapy[253]Few People Who
Are Depressed Receive Mental Health Services[254]Pleasure...Depressions
Kryptonite?[255]We've all heard of dental floss, but mental floss to
prevent stress, anxiety, and depression? [256]Three things you can do
immediately when you find yourself getting depressed[257]An Interview
with Yulonda Brown on Surviving Abuse and Bipolar
Disorder[258]Depression: A New Frontier in It's Treatment[259]Our
Bipolar Topic Center has been Updated[260]Feeling Depressed: Influenced
by the Attitudes and Opinions of Others?[261]Bipolar kids see
aggression when it isn't there[262]Bipolar Disorder and the Need for
Psychoeducation[263]Disentangling Rapid-Cycling Bipolar From Borderline
[264]Videos
[265]Bipolar Disorder Video[266]Major Depression Video[267]Bipolar
Disorder Video[268]Antidepressants Video[269]Meet Sue Bergeson:
Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance[270]Managing Bipolar
Disorder[271]Bipolar Disorder - Questions to Ask Your
Doctor[272]Bipolar Disorder - Working with Your Doctor[273]Bipolar
Disorder - Working Toward Wellness[274]Bipolar Disorder in Children:
The Importance of Family Support[275]Bipolar Disorder: Why Are Clinical
Trials so Important[276]Bipolar Disorder: Why Did it Take so Long to
Get Diagnosed?[277]Balancing Bipolar Disorder[278]The Road to Recovery
from Bipolar Disorder[279]Advice for Someone Recently Diagnosed with
Bipolar Disorder[280]How to Find Information about Bipolar
Disorder[281]Are There Genetic Risk Factors for Bipolar
Disorder[282]Does Bipolar Disorder Affect Children?[283]Getting Help
for Family Members of Bipolar Patients Video[284]Types of Depression
Video
[285]Links
[286][3] Associations[287][9] Community[288][31] Information[289][1]
Journals[290][1] Assessment[291][1] Research[292][20] Videos[293][2]
Personal Experiences[294][21] Blogs
[295]Book Reviews
[296]Active Treatment of Depression[297]Adult Bipolar
Disorders[298]Agents in My Brain[299]American Mania[300]An Unquiet
Mind[301]Bipolar Disorder[302]Bipolar Disorder Demystified[303]Bipolar
Disorder in Childhood and Early Adolescence[304]Bipolar
Disorders[305]Bipolar Kids[306]Crazy[307]Daughter of the Queen of
Sheba[308]Depression Is a
Choice[309]Detour[310]Electroboy[311]Essential Psychopharmacology of
Depression and Bipolar Disorder[312]Hurry Down Sunshine[313]I am Not
Sick I Don't Need Help![314]Lithium for Medea[315]Loving Someone With
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I'm Still in Here[320]Mood Genes[321]New Hope for Children and Teens
with Bipolar Disorder[322]New Hope For People With Bipolar
Disorder[323]Night Falls Fast[324]Overcoming
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Body Rhythms and Bipolar Disorder
Rashmi Nemade, Ph.D. & Mark Dombeck, Ph.D. Updated: Aug 7th 2009
Nervous system, endocrine, and/or immune system difficulties may
conspire to affect one of the less measurable causes of bipolar
disorders: disturbances in body rhythms. As discussed earlier, the
hypothalamus is the link between the nervous and endocrine systems.
Given that the nervous system is also associated with the immune
system, it is possible that the hypothalamus exerts its effect on the
immune system as well. Thus, the combination of these systems can alter
body biochemistry, contributing to shifts in body rhythms such as the
circadian, seasonal, and social rhythms.
Circadian Rhythm and Bipolar Disorder
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The circadian rhythm is the 24-hour cycle of the body, the exact length
of which is determined by the amount of light that the hypothalamus
senses in a day-night cycle. The name "circadian" refers to a period of
time that is "around a day long". Clear patterns of brain wave activity
and hormone production are coupled to this cycle. When the circadian
rhythm is upset (as can be the case with jet lag and sleep problems)
mood disturbances can result. It is known that in some people sleep
deprivation causes mania, whereas in others it can alleviate the
symptoms of depression. Thus, regulation of circadian rhythm is
important for managing bipolar symptoms and mood episodes.
Dysregulation of this system is typically experienced as a powerful
source of stress.
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) and Bipolar Disorder
Similar to circadian rhythms but longer in duration are seasonal
rhythms. These are determined by the amount of daylight experienced
within a given season. Dysregulation of seasonal rhythms has been
linked with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD; also known as winter
depression). SAD-affected individuals begin to feel increasingly
depressed as the amount of light disappears during the winter. Their
depression lifts as springtime approaches and the days lengthen. During
times of the year with long days, these people typically experience no
undue mood disturbance.
Social Rhythms and Bipolar Disorder
Both circadian and seasonal rhythms can affect individuals' social
rhythms. The social rhythm comprises of a daily routine such as waking
up at a specific time, going to school or work, and interacting with
family members, friends, peers and colleagues. Even healthy people can
experience mood changes when their social rhythms are disturbed by
insomnia, seasonal changes or work schedules. It is no great leap to
see that if someone is susceptible to bipolar disorder, a change in
their body rhythms might constitute sufficient stress to precipitate
bipolar symptoms.
When considering the possible causes of bipolar disorders, it is
necessary to bear in mind the complex nature of mood polarity. It is
likely that that the problem originates in multiple biologic systems -
the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems with a basis in the genetic
machinery that regulates these systems. For example, a gene important
in the function of the hypothalamus may become mutated or infected by a
retrovirus leading to deregulation of neurotransmitters, hormones,
and/or immune components. The resulting change is measurable as
biochemical imbalances in either the brain or body but these
biochemical imbalances are not necessarily causing the underlying
dysfunction, but instead may simply be themselves symptoms or links in
a chain of causes that lead to bipolar illness.
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rhythm game using body percussion
[63][print.gif] Printable Version for your convenience!
Title - rhythm game using body percussion
By - Michelle L. Miller
Primary Subject - Music
Secondary Subjects -
Grade Level - 4-8
Objective: Students will be able to accurately write and count rhythms.
Write a whole note, half note, quarter note, eighth notes in a group of
two, sixteenth notes in a group of four, and a quarter rest on the
board. Under each symbol write a body percussion element to be used for
each. I use "slide" (drag hands from shoulders to hips) for whole
notes, "brush" (brush hands along arms from shoulder to shoulder) for
half notes, "clap" (clap hands) for quarter notes, "snap snap" (snap
fingers alternating hands) for eighth notes, pat thighs for sixteenth
notes, and palms up for quarter rests. Distinguish these patterns and
their counting values to students. Write a 4-beat rhythm on the board
and ask students to substitute body percussion for written notes/rests.
Have students "play" rhythm back to teacher to show understanding.
To implement as a game: divide students into teams (I usually use 3
teams and number off students). One person from each team goes up to
the board and faces teacher. Teacher counts off 4 beats of prep, then
plays a 4-beat pattern with body percussion (such as clap pat pat pat
pat snap snap palms up--
quarter note, 4 sixteenths, 2 eighths, quarter rest).
Students on "go" face the board and write the rhythm as performed. Play
for students as needed to check accuracy; after a few times they only
need one play. The first team member to write the rhythm accurately
gets 3 points, second one done gets 2 points (if correct), last one
done gets 1 point (if correct). No points are taken away for incorrect
answers. The team with the most points at the end of class wins. The
whole lesson takes about 30 minutes.
Evaluation: students can accurately write and count rhythms as
performed by teacher.
Follow-up: students learn the importance of listening skills
development and have fun at the same time!!
NOTE: I've used this game for about two years now and my students love
it (even my jr. high kids)!! It's a great game for learning rhythms and
counting. I use elements of this game for my band students as well.
Have fun!!
E-Mail [64]Michelle L. Miller!
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Biorhythms
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Medical Author: [39]William C. Shiel, Jr., MD, FACP, FACR
Medical Editor: [40]Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD
* [41]What are biologic rhythms?
* [42]How does the "body clock" affects symptoms of illness?
* [43]What are examples of specific diseases affected by biorhythms?
* [44]Angina
* [45]Heart attack
* [46]High blood pressure (hypertension)
* [47]Hay fever (allergic rhinitis)
* [48]Asthma
* [49]Can the "body clock" affect diagnostic testing?
* [50]Can drug therapy be matched to the "body clock?"
* [51]Chronobiology: marking time, making progress
What are biologic rhythms?
What are biologic rhythms? In essence, they're the rhythms of life. All
forms of life on earth, including our bodies, respond rhythmically to
the regular cycles of the sun, moon, and seasons.
For example, as night turns into day, vital body functions, including
heart rate and [52]blood pressure, speed up in anticipation of
increased physical activity. These and other predictable fluctuations
in body function, taking place during specific time cycles, are our
biologic rhythms. They are regulated by "biologic clock" mechanisms
located in the brain.
Although biologic rhythms can be "reprogrammed" by environmental
influences (such as when a person regularly works the night shift and
sleeps during the day), they are genetically "hard-wired" into our
cells, tissues, and organs.
Medical chronobiologists have found that biologic rhythms can affect
the severity of disease symptoms, diagnostic test results, and even the
body's response to drug therapy. Now these investigators are working to
discover how the rhythms of life can be used to improve the practice of
medicine - and your health.
These time-related medical observations, and others still in the
exciting process of discovery, are rooted in chronobiology (chronos -
time; bios - life; logos - science), the study of biologic rhythms.
How does the "body clock" affects symptoms of illness?
Among the various biologic rhythm cycles that medical chronobiologists
study, the 24-hour day/night-activity/rest cycle is considered a key
chronobiologic factor in medical [53]diagnosis and treatment. Formally
known as the [54]circadian rhythm, it's also referred to as the "body
clock."
Why is the 24-hour body clock so important?
Because so many of our normal body functions follow daily patterns of
speeding up and slowing down, intensifying and diminishing, in
alignment with circadian rhythm. Interestingly, so do the symptoms of a
number of [55]chronic disorders:
Allergic rhinitis: (nasal inflammation associated with hay fever)
Symptoms of sneezing, [56]runny nose, and stuffy nose are typically
worse in the early waking hours than later during the day.
Asthma: In most patients, symptoms are more than 100 times as likely to
occur in the few hours prior to awakening than during the day.
Stable angina: [57]Chest pain and [58]electrocardiographic (ECG, EKG)
abnormalities are most common during the first 4 to 6 hours after
awakening.
[59]Prinzmetal's angina: ECG abnormalities are most common during
[60]sleep; chest pain can occur even while at rest.
Heart attack: Heart attack most commonly occurs in the early waking
hours.
Stroke: [61]Strokes most commonly occur in the early waking hours.
Hypertension: The highest blood pressure readings typically occur from
late morning to middle afternoon; lowest occur during early sleep.
Therapy now exists that works with your body clock; consult your
physician about this treatment. Clinical studies are underway to
further this research.
[62]Rheumatoid arthritis: RA symptoms are most intense upon awakening.
[63]Osteoarthritis: Symptoms of osteoarthritis worsen in the afternoon
and evening.
Ulcer disease: The pain typically occurs after stomach emptying,
following daytime meals, and in the very early morning, disrupting
sleep.
[64]Epilepsy: Seizures often occur only at particular times of the day
or night; individual patterns differ among patients.
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biorhythms? »
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Journal Article [33]Printable view
Postoperative deep body temperature rhythm
Postoperative deep body temperature rhythm
Journal [34]Surgery Today
Publisher Springer Japan
ISSN 0941-1291 (Print) 1436-2813 (Online)
Issue [35]Volume 17, Number 3 / May, 1987
Category Short Communication
DOI 10.1007/BF02470602
Pages 209-212
Subject Collection [36]Medicine
SpringerLink Date Thursday, July 20, 2006
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Short Communication
Postoperative deep body temperature rhythm
Jun Narumi^1 Contact Information , Kozo Suma^1, Hidemi Kaneko^1,
Yasuo Takeuchi^1, Kenji Inoue^1, Kenji Shiroma^1 and Yuji Koyama^1
(1) Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, 2nd Hospital of Tokyo
Women's Medical College, 2-1-10 Nishiogu, Arakawaku, 116 Tokyo, Japan
Received: 7 April 1986
Abstract The postoperative deep body temperature rhythms of fifteen
patients who received aorto-coronary bypass surgery (group I), and of
seven patients who received non-cardiac major surgery (group II), were
studied. Postoperative patients, especially those who received
aortocoronary bypass surgery, showed greatly disturbed deep body
temperature rhythm. There existed infradian and ultradian rhythm in
both groups, and there existed two patients in group I who did not show
sinusoidal rhythm. The patients of group I also showed a longer period
of rhythm than did those of group II. The mesor and amplitude of the
patients in group I showed a greater individual variation than did
those in group II. The acrophase of both groups deviated widely. The
patients who underwent cardiac surgery needed a longer time for
temperature rhythm recovery than did those who underwent general
surgery.
Key Words deep body temperature rhythm - intensive care
unit - post-operative patients
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Rhythms and Body Clock
Circadian Rhythm
From the Latin circa (about) dies (a day), the circadian rhythm is the
twenty-four-hour cycle of light/dark, wakefulness/sleep to which most
human physiologic processes are set. At regular intervals each day, the
body tends to become hungry, tired, active, listless, energized. Body
temperature, heart-beat, blood pressure, hormone levels, and urine flow
rise and fall in this relatively predictable, rhythmic pattern - a
pattern initiated and governed by exposure to sunlight and darkness.
Experiments where humans were placed in isolation chambers, cut off
from all potential environmental cues, have shown that, in the absence
of natural daylight, rhythms are still maintained. But in the absence
of the day light, the rhythms tend to deviate from 24 hours. For
instance, the rhythms was found to expand to 24-30 hours, thus
disrupting the biological processes over a long period of time.
The fact that animals and humans can continue to function according to
daily and annual rhythms in the absence of external environmental
stimuli means that animals and humans possess some kind of biological
clock, which act as a backup mechanism in case it cannot get the proper
stimuli from the natural events such as sunshine.
This behavior can be illustrated by our clocks. Let us say, our clock
is running slow. Over a period of time, the clock may lag the actual
time because of this defect. Usually, we will reset the clock when it
gets far out of sync by other external stimuli like a radio or phone
time. Now, if we do not have access to this external synchronizing
signal, the clock can get far out of line with the reality. Our body
clocks functions the same way. The biological clock can keep the time;
but in the absence of correction from the day/light cycle provided by
the sun, the biological clock tend go out of sync affecting our
physical and mental health. A similar thing happens when we travel
across time zones; we tend to experience what is known as "jet lag".
However, in the absence of natural light our body clocks may lose or
gain a little time. This in turn could lead to the desynchronization of
different rhythms. For example, in the absence of sufficient
environmental light the sleep-wake and associated rest-activity rhythms
may lengthen to a cycle of between 30 and 48 hours, while the
temperature rhythm may remain at a period of, say, 25 hours. Such
desynchronization of the body's intricate rhythms is suspected to
trigger problems: hormonal imbalances, sleep disorders and mood
disturbances.
Circannual Rhythm
Circannual rhythm is the annual or yearly cycle used by all living
things.
Circaseptan Rhythm
Circaseptan rhythm is a seven-day cycle in which the biological
processes of life, including disease symptoms and development, resolve.
Many physicians believe that transplant patients tend to have more
rejection episodes seven, fourteen, twenty-one, and twenty-eight days
after surgery. They further believe that medications administered to
the patients at particular times may be more effective than at other
times. These are all related to the circaseptan rhythm.
How does the brain know when it is light or dark?
Deep within the brain, inside the hypothalamus, lie two clusters of
cells (i.e., neurons) called the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Each of
these SCN is composed of more than 8,000 neurons. The SCN act as the
body's circadian pacemaker. In mammals, the SCN appear to get their
information from photoreceptors in the retina, which transmit signals
about light and dark through the optic nerves to the hypothalamus. Once
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place.
What happens after the light/dark signal reaches the SCN?
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adjacent to the hypothalamus above the brain stem. Stimulated by the
message it receives from the SCN, the pineal gland either secretes its
main hormone, melatonin, or inhibits melatonin's release, which may
result in the production of serotonin as was explained before.
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[52]Bipolar Disorder
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[69]Basic Information
[70]Introduction to Bipolar Disorder
[71]Introduction to Bipolar Disorder and Mood Disorders[72]Movement on
an Energy Continuum: Bipolar Disorder, Mania and Manic Episodes
[73]Types of Bipolar and Similar Disorders
[74]Hypomania and Hypomanic Episodes Defined[75]Bipolar Disorder -
Depression, Major Depressive Episodes and Mixed Episodes[76]Recognized
Types of Bipolar Disorder[77]Mental Health Conditions Similar but
Distinct from Bipolar Disorder[78]Borderline Personality Disorder and
Schizoaffective Disorder Show Symptoms Similar to Bipolar
Disorder[79]Bipolar Disorder versus Major Depression and Premenstrual
Dysphoric Disorder
[80]Current Understandings and Body Systems
[81]Statistics and Patterns in Bipolar Disorder[82]Historical and
Contemporary Understandings of Bipolar Disorder[83]History and
Evolution of Bipolar Disorder Diagnosis[84]Contemporary Understanding
of Bipolar Disorder: Causes and Outcomes[85]Neurochemistry and
Endocrinology in Bipolar Disorder[86]Immunology and Bipolar
Disorder[87]Body Rhythms and Bipolar Disorder[88]Brain Imaging and
Bipolar Disorder
[89]Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder
[90]Bipolar Diagnosis and Bipolar I[91]Bipolar II Disorder,
Cyclothymia, and Bipolar Disorder, NOS
[92]Medication Treatments for Bipolar Disorder
[93]Bipolar Medication Treatment[94]Bipolar Disorder Treatment -
Lithium[95]Bipolar Disorder Treatment - Valproate and
Carbamazepine[96]Bipolar Disorder Treatment - Lamotrigine, Gabapentin,
Topiramate and Calcium Channel Blockers[97]Bipolar Disorder Treatment -
Antipsychotic Medications and Omega-3 fatty acids[98]Bipolar Disorder
Treatment - SSRI and SNRI Antidepressants[99]Bipolar Disorder Treatment
- Tricyclics, MAOIs, and Other Antidepressants
[100]Psychotherapy and Other Treatments
[101]Bipolar Disorder Treatment - Hospitalization and Electroconvulsive
Therapy[102]Bipolar Disorder Treatment - Psychotherapy and Cognitive
Behavioral Therapy[103]Bipolar Disorder Treatment - Family Focused
Therapy and Interpersonal/Social Rhythm Therapy
[104]Self-Help and Helping Others
[105]Self-Help for Bipolar Disorder[106]How Family And Friends Can Help
Those with Bipolar Disorder[107]Bipolar Disorder Suicide[108]How Family
and Friends of Those with Bipolar Disorder Can Help Themselves
[109]References and Reading List
[110]Bipolar Disorder Reading List[111]Bipolar Disorder References
[112]More Information
[113]Bipolar Disorder in Children? Yes![114]Bipolar Disorder Research
at the National Institute of Mental Health[115]Bipolar Disorder,
Treating the Whole Person[116]Child and Adolescent Bipolar Disorder: An
Update from the National Institute of Mental Health[117]Depression and
Its Meanings[118]Disentangling Rapid-Cycling Bipolar From
Borderline[119]Disentangling Rapid-Cycling Bipolar From
Borderline[120]Going to Extremes - Bipolar Disorder[121]Marijuana Makes
it Worse, Revisited[122]Mental Health: Our Troubled Teenagers[123]Of
Othello and Delusional Jealousy[124]Spotlight on a Live
Journal[125]Teenage Depression and Consequences[126]The Link Between
Bipolar Disorder and Anger[127]Where There is Life, There is Hope,
Depression and Why Suicide is Not an Option.[128]Wise Counsel Interview
Transcript: An Interview with Lorna Hyde Graev on Living With Bipolar
Disorder[129]Wise Counsel Interview Transcript: An Interview with
Yulonda Brown on Surviving Abuse and Bipolar
[130]Tests
[131]Goldberg Mania Questionnaire
[132]Latest News
[133]Drug Treatments Compared in Bipolar Disorder[134]Lithium Beats
Valproate for Long-Term Bipolar Therapy[135]Clinical Trials Update:
Dec. 10, 2009[136]Anti-Epileptic Drugs Found Safe to Treat Bipolar
Disorder[137]Risk of Birth Defects with Valproate Sodium and Related
Products[138]Clinical Trials Update: Nov. 30, 2009[139]Bipolar Disorder
May Be Tied to Body Clock[140]Clinical Trials Update: Nov. 23,
2009[141]Twin Study Eyes Inflammation in Those With Bipolar
Disorder[142]Saphris Approved for Schizophrenia and Bipolar
Disorder[143]Gloomy Days Dim Cognitive Powers of the
Depressed[144]Depression Poses Pregnancy Risks[145]Schizophrenia and
Bipolar Disorder Share Genetic Roots[146]Risperdal Consta Approved for
Bipolar Disorder[147]Parent's Bipolar Disorder, Offspring's Mental
Illness Linked
[148]Questions and Answers
[149]Anger Driven Down Wrong Road[150]I Don't Know What To Do[151]New
Diagnosis...My Doc Says I Am Not Bipolar. Should I Go Back to My
Medication?[152]Bipolar Woman with Secret Lives[153]Dealing with
Bipolar Dsorder[154]Is This Bi Polar?[155]A Mom In Need of Help[156]Im
so confused...is is BPD or Bipolar? [157]Not Normal[158]Anger and
Irritability in my husband's behaviour[159]I am bulimic for more than
10 years, and it is killing me...[160]Can I survive without all these
horrible meds?[161]Where can I get the energy[162]Bipolar sister,
Narcissist boyfriend[163]Should I give up on this marriage?[164]Is she
mentally ill and is there anything i can do?[165]Bipolar and
children[166]Will I be ok without professional help?[167]Pregnant with
bipolar[168]Is it ok to feel this way?[169]abuse toward
bi-polars[170]Loyalty or Love?[171]Possible borderline?[172]Dealing
with a family member's complete personality change[173]What type of
exams can proven that a person has bipolar disorder?[174]Am I
bipolar?[175]Bi-polar with PTSD[176]bipolar and homosexuality[177]Yoga
help Bipolar[178]Is Bipolar Inheritable?[179]Physically Abusive
Mentally Ill Son[180]An Empty Shell[181]Sarcastic And Wanting To
Change[182]Out Of Control Friend[183]Bipolar Parenting[184]Odd Eating
Disorder[185]Can ADHD Turn Into Bipolar?[186]Is Bipolar
Inheritable?[187]Single, Stressed And Guilty[188]Bipolar and
Drinking...[189]Marital Crisis[190]Do I Still Need Therapy If I'm
Medicated?[191]Hope For An Alcoholic Manic-Depressive[192]Are Bipolars
Abusive?[193]Parttime Bipolar Girlfriend[194]How Can I Help My Bipolar
Wife?[195]Marijuana?[196]Possible Klonopin Addiction[197]Bipolar
Wife[198]A Test For Bipolar Disorder?[199]Did I Cause My Daughter's
Depression?[200]How Can I Help My Alcoholic Unmedicated Bipolar
Girlfriend?[201]Treatment is Too Much Trouble[202]Bipolar
Illness[203]HMO Blues[204]Problem Child[205]Helping Someone with
Bipolar Disorder[206]Cyclical Moods[207]Depression and
Friendship[208]How Can I Help My Friend?[209]What To Treat
First?[210]Bipolar Chat Rooms?[211]Bipolar or Just Moody?[212]Alone and
Bipolar[213]More Than Friends?[214]Merlin writes:[215]Suzanne writes:
[216]Blog Entries
[217]The Stigma of "Disorder": Wisdom from Therese Borchard[218]Where
There is Life, There is Hope, Depression and Why Suicide is Not an
Option.[219]Living Bipolar: Do you Know Your Triggers?[220]Research
Suggests Mindfulness Reduces Bipolar Relapse[221]Marijuana Makes it
Worse, Revisited[222]Getting Unstuck from the Cycle of Bipolar
Disorder[223]Of Othello and Delusional Jealousy[224]Why it May be Good
If Your Kid has ADHD or Bipolar Genes[225]Bipolar Disorder in Children?
Yes![226]Misdiagnosing Bipolar Disorder: What's at Stake[227]The Link
Between Bipolar Disorder and Anger[228]Star Wars, Stigma, and Carrie
Fisher[229]Bipolar Disorder: What's in a Label?[230]Spotlight on a Live
Journal[231]Mental Health: Our Troubled Teenagers[232]Depression and
Its Meanings[233]Teenage Depression and Consequences[234]Celebrities
Also Have Bipolar Disorder [235]Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Personality
Disorder or Bipolar Disorder?[236]One Strategy You Need to Know for
Bipolar Disorder[237]Personality Disorders and Bipolar Disorder[238]Do
You Have a Bipolar Crisis Kit?[239]Are You at Risk for Depression?
Here's One Way to Find Out[240]Bipolar Mood Swings? 4 Steps to Nip Them
in the Bud[241]Bipolar Disorder: 5 Steps to Sleep [242]Bipolar
Disorder, Treating the Whole Person[243]Handling Difficult Emotions:
The Path Less Traveled[244] To Do: 3 Steps to Healing When You're
Feeling Blue [245]Depression: How We Get Stuck and What Can
Help[246]Break Free from the Mental Recession or Depression by Doing
Less[247]Feeling Depressed? Here's 1 practice that could begin to turn
it around[248]How you can be triggered into depressionwithout even
knowing it[249]Marijuana Makes It Worse: Severe Mental
Illnesses[250]Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation device for
treatment-resistant Major Depression just approved by the
FDA[251]National Depression Screening Day is just around the corner
(October 10th!)[252]Press "D" for Depression Therapy[253]Few People Who
Are Depressed Receive Mental Health Services[254]Pleasure...Depressions
Kryptonite?[255]We've all heard of dental floss, but mental floss to
prevent stress, anxiety, and depression? [256]Three things you can do
immediately when you find yourself getting depressed[257]An Interview
with Yulonda Brown on Surviving Abuse and Bipolar
Disorder[258]Depression: A New Frontier in It's Treatment[259]Our
Bipolar Topic Center has been Updated[260]Feeling Depressed: Influenced
by the Attitudes and Opinions of Others?[261]Bipolar kids see
aggression when it isn't there[262]Bipolar Disorder and the Need for
Psychoeducation[263]Disentangling Rapid-Cycling Bipolar From Borderline
[264]Videos
[265]Bipolar Disorder Video[266]Major Depression Video[267]Bipolar
Disorder Video[268]Antidepressants Video[269]Meet Sue Bergeson:
Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance[270]Managing Bipolar
Disorder[271]Bipolar Disorder - Questions to Ask Your
Doctor[272]Bipolar Disorder - Working with Your Doctor[273]Bipolar
Disorder - Working Toward Wellness[274]Bipolar Disorder in Children:
The Importance of Family Support[275]Bipolar Disorder: Why Are Clinical
Trials so Important[276]Bipolar Disorder: Why Did it Take so Long to
Get Diagnosed?[277]Balancing Bipolar Disorder[278]The Road to Recovery
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Body Rhythms and Bipolar Disorder
Rashmi Nemade, Ph.D. & Mark Dombeck, Ph.D. Updated: Aug 7th 2009
Nervous system, endocrine, and/or immune system difficulties may
conspire to affect one of the less measurable causes of bipolar
disorders: disturbances in body rhythms. As discussed earlier, the
hypothalamus is the link between the nervous and endocrine systems.
Given that the nervous system is also associated with the immune
system, it is possible that the hypothalamus exerts its effect on the
immune system as well. Thus, the combination of these systems can alter
body biochemistry, contributing to shifts in body rhythms such as the
circadian, seasonal, and social rhythms.
Circadian Rhythm and Bipolar Disorder
[441]advertisement
The circadian rhythm is the 24-hour cycle of the body, the exact length
of which is determined by the amount of light that the hypothalamus
senses in a day-night cycle. The name "circadian" refers to a period of
time that is "around a day long". Clear patterns of brain wave activity
and hormone production are coupled to this cycle. When the circadian
rhythm is upset (as can be the case with jet lag and sleep problems)
mood disturbances can result. It is known that in some people sleep
deprivation causes mania, whereas in others it can alleviate the
symptoms of depression. Thus, regulation of circadian rhythm is
important for managing bipolar symptoms and mood episodes.
Dysregulation of this system is typically experienced as a powerful
source of stress.
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) and Bipolar Disorder
Similar to circadian rhythms but longer in duration are seasonal
rhythms. These are determined by the amount of daylight experienced
within a given season. Dysregulation of seasonal rhythms has been
linked with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD; also known as winter
depression). SAD-affected individuals begin to feel increasingly
depressed as the amount of light disappears during the winter. Their
depression lifts as springtime approaches and the days lengthen. During
times of the year with long days, these people typically experience no
undue mood disturbance.
Social Rhythms and Bipolar Disorder
Both circadian and seasonal rhythms can affect individuals' social
rhythms. The social rhythm comprises of a daily routine such as waking
up at a specific time, going to school or work, and interacting with
family members, friends, peers and colleagues. Even healthy people can
experience mood changes when their social rhythms are disturbed by
insomnia, seasonal changes or work schedules. It is no great leap to
see that if someone is susceptible to bipolar disorder, a change in
their body rhythms might constitute sufficient stress to precipitate
bipolar symptoms.
When considering the possible causes of bipolar disorders, it is
necessary to bear in mind the complex nature of mood polarity. It is
likely that that the problem originates in multiple biologic systems -
the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems with a basis in the genetic
machinery that regulates these systems. For example, a gene important
in the function of the hypothalamus may become mutated or infected by a
retrovirus leading to deregulation of neurotransmitters, hormones,
and/or immune components. The resulting change is measurable as
biochemical imbalances in either the brain or body but these
biochemical imbalances are not necessarily causing the underlying
dysfunction, but instead may simply be themselves symptoms or links in
a chain of causes that lead to bipolar illness.
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