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Rhythm

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   For other uses, see [8]Rhythm (disambiguation).

   Rhythm (from [9]greek rhuthµo'*s - rhythmos, "any measured flow or
   movement, symmetry") is the variation of the length and accentuation of
   a series of sounds or other events.

   Contents

        * [10]1 Rhythm in linguistics
        * [11]2 Origins of human appreciation of rhythm
        * [12]3 Rhythm notation and the oral tradition
             + [13]3.1 African music
             + [14]3.2 Indian music
             + [15]3.3 Western music
        * [16]4 Types
        * [17]5 See also
        * [18]6 Notes
        * [19]7 Sources
        * [20]8 Further reading

[[21]edit] Rhythm in linguistics

   The study of rhythm, stress, and [22]pitch in [23]speech is called
   [24]prosody; it is a topic in [25]linguistics. Narmour (1980,
   p. 147-53) describes three categories of prosodic rules which create
   rhythmic successions which are additive (same duration repeated),
   cumulative (short-long), or countercumulative (long-short). Cumulation
   is associated with closure or relaxation, countercumulation with
   openness or tension, while additive rhythms are open-ended and
   repetitive. Richard Middleton points out this method cannot account for
   [26]syncopation and suggests the concept of [27]transformation.

   A [28]rhythmic unit is a [29]durational pattern which occupies a period
   of time equivalent to a [30]pulse or pulses on an underlying [31]metric
   level, as opposed to a [32]rhythmic gesture which does not (DeLone et
   al. (Eds.), 1975

[[33]edit] Origins of human appreciation of rhythm

   In his series How Music Works, [34]Howard Goodall presents theories
   that rhythm recalls how we walk and the heartbeat we heard in the womb.
   More likely is that a simple pulse or [35]di-dah beat recalls the
   footsteps of another person. Our sympathetic urge to dance is designed
   to boost our energy levels in order to cope with someone, or some
   animal chasing us - a fight or flight response. From a less darwinist
   perspective, perceiving rhythm is the ability to master the otherwise
   invisible dimension, time. Rhythm is possibly also rooted in courtship
   ritual.^[36][1]

   Neurologist [37]Oliver Sacks posits that human affinity for rhythm is
   fundamental, so much that a person's sense of rhythm cannot be lost in
   the way that music and language can (e.g. by [38]stroke). In addition,
   he states that [39]chimpanzees and other animals show no similar
   appreciation for rhythm.^[40][2]

[[41]edit] Rhythm notation and the oral tradition

   Worldwide there are many different approaches to passing on rhythmic
   phrases and patterns, as they exist in traditional music, from
   generation to generation.

[[42]edit] African music

   In the [43]Griot tradition of Africa everything related to music has
   been passed on orally. [44]Babatunde Olatunji (1927-2003), a Nigerian
   drummer who lived and worked in the [45]United States, developed a
   simple series of spoken sounds for teaching the rhythms of the hand
   drum. He used six vocal sounds: Goon Doon Go Do Pa Ta. There are three
   basic sounds on the drum, but each can be played with either the left
   or the right hand. This simple system is now used worldwide,
   particularly by [46]Djembe players.

[[47]edit] Indian music

   Indian music has also been passed on orally. Tabla players would learn
   to speak complex rhythm patterns and phrases before attempting to play
   them. [48]Sheila Chandra, an English pop singer of Indian descent, made
   performances based around her singing these patterns. In [49]Indian
   Classical music, the [50]Tala of a composition is the rhythmic pattern
   over which the whole piece is structured.

[[51]edit] Western music

   Standard [52]music notation contains rhythmic information and is
   adapted specifically for drums and percussion instruments. The drums
   are generally used to keep other instruments in 'time'. They do this by
   supplying beats/strikes in time at a certain pace, i.e. 70 beats per
   minute (bpm). In [53]Rock music, a drum beat is used to keep a
   [54]bass/[55]guitar line in time.

[[56]edit] Types

   In [57]Western music, rhythms are usually arranged with respect to a
   [58]time signature, partially signifying a meter. The speed of the
   underlying [59]pulse is sometimes called the [60]beat. The [61]tempo is
   a measure of how quickly the pulse repeats. The tempo is usually
   measured in 'beats per minute' (bpm); 60 bpm means a speed of one beat
   per second. The length of the meter, or metric unit (usually
   corresponding with [62]measure length), is usually grouped into either
   two or three beats, being called [63]duple meter and [64]triple meter,
   respectively. If each beat is divided by two or four, it is [65]simple
   meter, if by three (or six) [66]compound meter. According to [67]Pierre
   Boulez, beat structures beyond four are "simply not natural".^[68][3].
   His reference is to western European music.
   Standard notation of a clave pattern on audio clip clave pattern.ogg

   [69]Syncopated rhythms are rhythms that accent parts of the beat not
   already stressed by [70]counting. Playing simultaneous rhythms in more
   than one time signature is called [71]polymeter. See also
   [72]polyrhythm. In recent years, rhythm and meter have become an
   important area of research among music scholars. Recent work in these
   areas includes books by [73]Maury Yeston, [74]Fred Lerdahl and [75]Ray
   Jackendoff, [76]Jonathan Kramer, Christopher Hasty, William Rothstein,
   and Joel Lester.
   Grid notation of single a clave pattern

   Some [77]genres of music make different use of rhythm than others. Most
   Western music is based on [78]subdivision, while non-Western music uses
   more [79]additive rhythm. [80]African music makes heavy use of
   [81]polyrhythms, and [82]Indian music uses [83]complex cycles such as 7
   and 13, while [84]Balinese music often uses complex [85]interlocking
   rhythms. By comparison, a lot of Western [86]classical music is fairly
   rhythmically (or metrically) simple; it stays in a [87]simple meter
   such as 4/4 or 3/4 and makes little use of [88]syncopation.
   [89]Clave is a common underlying rhythm in [90]African, [91]Cuban
   music, and [92]Brazilian music.

   [93]Claves
   (Submit) Play sound
   Four beats followed by three Clave patterns
     __________________________________________________________________

   Problems listening to this file? See [94]media help.

   In the 20th century, [95]composers like [96]Igor Stravinsky, [97]Bela
   Bartok, [98]Philip Glass, and [99]Steve Reich wrote more rhythmically
   complex music using [100]odd meters, and techniques such as
   [101]phasing and [102]additive rhythm. At the same time, modernists
   such as [103]Olivier Messiaen and his pupils used increased complexity
   to disrupt the sense of a regular beat, leading eventually to the
   widespread use of [104]irrational rhythms in [105]New Complexity. This
   use may be explained by a comment of [106]John Cage's^[[107]where?]
   where he notes that regular rhythms cause sounds to be heard as a group
   rather than individually; the irregular rhythms highlight the rapidly
   changing pitch relationships that would otherwise be subsumed into
   irrelevant rhythmic groupings (Sandow 2004, p. 257). [108]LaMonte Young
   also wrote music in which the sense of a regular beat is absent because
   the music consists only of long sustained tones ([109]drones). In the
   1930s, [110]Henry Cowell wrote music involving multiple simultaneous
   periodic rhythms and collaborated with [111]Léon Thérémin to invent the
   [112]Rhythmicon, the first electronic [113]rhythm machine, in order to
   perform them. Similarly, [114]Conlon Nancarrow wrote for the
   [115]player piano.

[[116]edit] See also

     * [117]Meter (music)
     * [118]Prosody (linguistics)
     * [119]Riddim
     * [120]Morse Code

                                   * [121]Soul (music)
                                   * [122]Time scale (music)
                                   * [123]Timing (linguistics)

[[124]edit] Notes

    1. [125]^ [126]Mithen, Steven (2005). [127]The Singing Neanderthals:
       The Origins of Music, Language, Mind and Body.. London: Weidenfeld
       & Nicolson.. [128]ISBN [129]0297643177.
       [130]http://www.epjournal.net/filestore/ep03375380.pdf.
    2. [131]^ [132]Jon Stewart, [133]Oliver Sacks. (2009-06-29). [134]The
       Daily Show with Jon Stewart. [Television production]. Comedy
       Central.
       [135]http://www.thedailyshow.com/video/index.jhtml?videoId=231589&t
       itle=oliver-sacks. "People often tried to teach their dogs to
       dance--it doesn't work."
    3. [136]^ In [137]Discovering Music: Rhythm with [138]Leonard Slatkin
       at 5:05

[[139]edit] Sources

     * Hasty, Christopher (1997). Meter as Rhythm. Oxford: Oxford
       University Press. [140]ISBN 0-19-510066-2.
     * London, Justin (2004). Hearing in Time: Psychological Aspects of
       Musical Meter. [141]ISBN 0-19-516081-9.
     * Middleton, Richard (1990/2002). Studying Popular Music.
       Philadelphia: Open University Press. [142]ISBN 0-335-15275-9.
     * Narmour (1980). Cited in DeLone et al. (Eds.) (1975). Aspects of
       Twentieth-Century Music. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:
       Prentice-Hall. [143]ISBN 0-13-049346-5.
     * Sandow, Greg (2004). "A Fine Madness", The Pleasure of Modernist
       Music. [144]ISBN 1-58046-143-3.
     * Yeston, Maury (1976). "The Stratification of Musical Rhythm".

[[145]edit] Further reading

     * McGaughey, William (2001). "Rhythm and Self-Consciousness: New
       Ideals for an Electronic Civilization". Minneapolis: Thistlerose
       Publications. [146]ISBN 0-9605630-4-0.
     * Honing, H. (2002). [147]"Structure and interpretation of rhythm and
       timing." Tijdschrift voor Muziektheorie [Dutch Journal of Music
       Theory] 7(3): 227-232.
     * Lewis, Andrew (2005). Rhythm--What it is and How to Improve Your
       Sense of It. San Francisco: [148]RhythmSource Press. [149]ISBN
       978-0-9754667-0-4.
     * Williams, C. F. A., The Aristoxenian Theory of Musical Rhythm,
       (Cambridge Library Collection - Music), Cambridge University Press;
       1st edition, 2009.
     * Toussaint, G. T., "The geometry of musical rhythm," In J. Akiyama,
       M. Kano, and X. Tan, editors, Proceedings of the Japan Conference
       on Discrete and Computational Geometry, Vol. 3742, Lecture Notes in
       Computer Science, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 2005, pp. 198-212.


   [150]v  o  [151]d  o  [152]e
   [153]Musical notation and [154]development
   [155]Staff
   [156]Bar & Bar line · [157]Clef · [158]Da capo · [159]Dal segno ·
   [160]Key signature · [161]Ledger line · [162]Musical mode ·
   [163]Musical scale · [164]Rehearsal letter · [165]Repeat sign ·
   [166]Time signature · [167]Transposition · [168]Transposing instrument
   [169]G (treble) clef symbol
   [170]Notes
   [171]Accidental ([172]Flat · [173]Natural · [174]Sharp) · [175]Dotted
   note · [176]Grace note · [177]Note value ([178]Beam · [179]Note head ·
   [180]Stem) · [181]Pitch · [182]Rest · [183]Interval  · [184]Letter
   notation
   [185]Articulation
   [186]Dynamics · [187]Ornament ([188]Trill · [189]Mordent · [190]Grace
   note) · [191]Ossia · [192]Portato · [193]Accent · [194]Legato ·
   [195]Tenuto · [196]Marcato · [197]Staccato · [198]Staccatissimo ·
   [199]Tie · [200]Slur · [201]Fermata
   [202]Development
   [203]Coda · [204]Exposition · [205]Harmony · [206]Melody · [207]Motif ·
   [208]Recapitulation · Rhythm ([209]Beat · [210]Meter · [211]Tempo) ·
   [212]Theme · [213]Tonality · [214]Atonality
   Related
   [215]Chord chart · [216]Figured bass · [217]Graphic notation ·
   [218]Lead sheet · [219]Eye music · [220]Modern musical symbols ·
   [221]Neume · [222]Tablature
   Retrieved from "[223]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm"
   [224]Categories: [225]Rhythm | [226]Greek loanwords
   Hidden categories: [227]Vague or ambiguous geographic scope

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Références

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 167. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition_(music)
 168. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposing_instrument
 169. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GClef.svg
 170. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note
 171. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accidental_(music)
 172. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_(music)
 173. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_sign
 174. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_(music)
 175. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotted_note
 176. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_note
 177. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note_value
 178. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(music)
 179. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note_head
 180. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_(music)
 181. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(music)
 182. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest_(music)
 183. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(music)
 184. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_notation
 185. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulation_(music)
 186. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_(music)
 187. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornament_(music)
 188. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trill_(music)
 189. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordent
 190. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_note
 191. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossia
 192. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portato
 193. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_(music)
 194. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legato
 195. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenuto
 196. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcato
 197. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staccato
 198. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staccatissimo
 199. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie_(music)
 200. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slur_(music)
 201. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermata
 202. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_development
 203. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coda_(music)
 204. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_(music)
 205. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony
 206. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody
 207. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motif_(music)
 208. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recapitulation_(music)
 209. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_(music)
 210. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter_(music)
 211. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo
 212. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_(music)
 213. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonality
 214. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonality
 215. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_chart
 216. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figured_bass
 217. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_notation
 218. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_sheet
 219. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_music
 220. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_musical_symbols
 221. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neume
 222. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablature
 223. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm
 224. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories
 225. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Rhythm
 226. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Greek_loanwords
 227. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_geographic_scope
 228. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm
 229. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Rhythm
 230. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhythm&action=edit
 231. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhythm&action=history
 232. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UsabilityInitiativeOptIn&from=Rhythm
 233. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Rhythm
 234. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
 235. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents
 236. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Featured_content
 237. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events
 238. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random
 239. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About
 240. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal
 241. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges
 242. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us
 243. http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Support_Wikipedia/en
 244. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents
 245. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Rhythm
 246. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Rhythm
 247. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Upload
 248. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages
 249. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhythm&printable=yes
 250. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhythm&oldid=338213766
 251. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Cite&page=Rhythm&id=338213766
 252. http://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritam
 253. http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritme
 254. http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytme
 255. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmus_(Musik)
 256. http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCtm_(muusika)
 257. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmo
 258. http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmo_(muziko)
 259. http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%85
 260. http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rythme
 261. http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%AC
 262. http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritam
 263. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritme
 264. http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taktur
 265. http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmo_(musica)
 266. http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%91_(%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94)
 267. http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98
 268. http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritms
 269. http://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmo
 270. http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC
 271. http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82
 272. http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritme
 273. http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0
 274. http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytme
 275. http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytme
 276. http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytm
 277. http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmo
 278. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC
 279. http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm
 280. http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytmus_(hudba)
 281. http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritem
 282. http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytmi
 283. http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytm
 284. http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritim
 285. http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC
 286. http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%82%E5%A5%8F
 287. http://www.mediawiki.org/
 288. http://wikimediafoundation.org/
 289. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License
 290. http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use
 291. http://www.wikimediafoundation.org/
 292. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us
 293. http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy
 294. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About
 295. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer

   Liens cachés :
 296. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clavepattern.svg
 297. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clavepattern.svg
 298. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clavepatterngrid.gif
 299. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clavepatterngrid.gif
 300. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
 301. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/