[cadre_haut.gif]



                                            [1][logo_imram_transp_s.gif] 

    Echelle BEAUFORT scale / Skala
   [2][force0_s.jpg] [3][force1_s.jpg] [4][force2_s.jpg]
   [5][force3_s.jpg] [6][force4_s.jpg] [7][force5_s.jpg]
   [8][force6_s.jpg] [9][force7_s.jpg] [10][force8_s.jpg]
   [11][force9_s.jpg] [12][force10_s.jpg] [13][force11_s.jpg]
   [14][force12_s.jpg] 


   The Beaufort Scale or Beaufort Wind Force Scale is a system for
   estimating wind strengths without the use of instruments, based on the
   effects wind has on the physical environment. The behaviour of smoke,
   waves, trees, etc., is rated on a 13 point scale of 0 (calm) to 12
   (hurricane). The scale was devised in 1805 by the British naval
   Commander, later Admiral, Sir Francis Beaufort (1774-1875). A further
   set of numbers (13-17) for very strong winds were added by the US
   Weather Bureau in 1955.

   The Beaufort Scale, as originally drawn up, made no reference to the
   speed of the wind and various attempts have been made to correlate the
   two.

   Specially when sailing in high latitudes, wind gains additional
   strength due to cold and related higher air density. Also the effect
   of windchill on bare skin make cold water sailing more dangerous.

   Information on related [15]windchill.

   Conversion table
   Table de conversion
   Umrechnungstafel

   Wind Force / force vent (Bft):
   [16]0, [17]1, [18]2, [19]3, [20]4, [21]5, [22]6, [23]7, [24]8, [25]9,
   [26]10, [27]11, [28]12+

   Wind speed / vitesse vent (kts):
   [29]0, [30]5, [31]10, [32]15, [33]20, [34]25, [35]30, [36]35, [37]40,
   [38]45, [39]50, [40]55, [41]60, [42]65, [43]70

   Wind speed / vitesse vent (km/h):
   [44]0, [45]10, [46]20, [47]30, [48]40, [49]50, [50]60, [51]70, [52]80,
   [53]90, [54]100, [55]110, [56]120

   Sea Disturbance Number / état de la mer:
   [57]0, [58]1, [59]2, [60]3, [61]4, [62]5, [63]6, [64]7, [65]8, [66]9

   Average wave height / hauteur de vague (m):
   [67]0, [68]0.5, [69]1, [70]2, [71]3, [72]4, [73]5, [74]6, [75]7,
   [76]8, [77]9, [78]10, [79]12, [80]14, [81]16

   Average wave height / hauteur de vague (ft):
   [82]0, [83]1, [84]2, [85]4, [86]10, [87]15, [88]20, [89]25, [90]30,
   [91]35, [92]40, [93]45, [94]50


   [force0.jpg]

   0 Bft

Calm
Calme
Winstille

     Wind speeds:
     less than 1 knot (<1 mph; <1 kph; <0.3 m/s)

     [beaufo1.gif] 

     At sea:

     Sea like a mirror, calm

     La fumée s'élève verticalement ; la mer est comme un miroir

     Spiegelglatte See

     Sea disturbance number: 0

     Probable wave height: flat (0 ft; 0 m)

     On land: Smoke rises vertically

     Notes: Boring, boring, boring...

 Go to Beaufort number: [95]0, [96]1, [97]2, [98]3, [99]4, [100]5, [101]6,
             [102]7, [103]8, [104]9, [105]10, [106]11, [107]12+


   [force1.jpg]

   1 Bft

Light Air
Très légère brise
Leiser Zug

     Wind speeds:
     1-3 knots (1-3 mph; 1-5 kph; 0.3-1.5 m/s)

     [beaufo2.gif] 

     At sea:

     Ripples with the appearance of scales are formed but without foam
     crests

     Il se forme des rides, mais il n'y a pas d'écume

     Kleine schuppenförmig aussehende Kräuselwellen ohne Schaumkämme

     Sea disturbance number: 0

     Probable wave height: 5-10 cm (2-4 in) (0 ft; 0 m)

     On land: Direction of wind shown by smoke drift, but not by vanes

     Notes: Yachts just have steerage way

   Go to Beaufort number: [108]0, [109]1, [110]2, [111]3, [112]4, [113]5,
         [114]6, [115]7, [116]8, [117]9, [118]10, [119]11, [120]12+


   [force2.jpg]

   2 Bft

Light Breeze
Légère brise
Leichte Brise

     Wind speeds:
     4-6 knots (4-7 mph; 6-11 kph; 1.6-3.3 m/s)

     [beaufo3.gif] 

     At sea:

     Small wavelets, still short but more pronounced; crests have a
     glassy appearance and do not break

     Vaguelettes courtes ; leurs crêtes ne déferlent pas

     Kleine Wellen, noch kurz, aber ausgeprägter. Die Kämme sehen
     glasig aus und brechen sich nicht

     Sea disturbance number: 1

     Probable wave height: 10-15 cm (4-6 in); (0-1 ft; 0-0.3 m)

     On land: Wind felt on face; leaves rustle; ordinary vane moved by
     wind

     Notes: Wind fills sails of yacht, which then may move at 1-2 knots

   Go to Beaufort number: [121]0, [122]1, [123]2, [124]3, [125]4, [126]5,
         [127]6, [128]7, [129]8, [130]9, [131]10, [132]11, [133]12+


   [force3.jpg]

   3 Bft

Gentle Breeze
Petite brise
Schwache Brise

     Wind speeds:
     7-10 knots (8-12 mph; 12-19 kph; 3.4-5.4 m/s)

     [beaufo4.gif] 

     At sea:

     Large wavelets; crests begin to break; foam of glassy appearance;
     perhaps scattered white horses

     Très petites vagues ; écume d'aspect vitreux

     Die Kämme beginnen sich zu brechen. Schaum überwiegend glasig, ganz
     vereinzelt können weisse Schaumköpfe auftreten

     Sea disturbance number: 2

     Probable wave height: 60 cm (2 ft); (1-2 ft; 0.3-0.6 m)

     On land: Leaves and small twigs in constant motion; wind extends
     light flag

     Notes: Yachts start to careen and travel at 3-4 knots

   Go to Beaufort number: [134]0, [135]1, [136]2, [137]3, [138]4, [139]5,
         [140]6, [141]7, [142]8, [143]9, [144]10, [145]11, [146]12+


   [force4.jpg]

   4 Bft

Moderate Breeze
Jolie brise
Mässige Brise

     Wind speeds:
     11-16 knots (13-18 mph; 20-28 kph; 5.5-7.9 m/s)

     [beaufo5.gif] 

     At sea:

     Small waves, becoming longer; fairly frequent white horses

     Petites vagues devenant plus longues ; moutons nombreux

     Wellen sind noch klein, werden aber länger. Weisse Schaumköpfe
     treten schon ziemlich verbreitet auf

     Sea disturbance number: 3

     Probable wave height: 1 m (3.5 ft); (2-4 ft; 0.6-1.2 m)

     On land: Raises dust and loose paper; small branches are moved

     Notes: Good working breeze for yachts; carry all sail with good
     list

   Go to Beaufort number: [147]0, [148]1, [149]2, [150]3, [151]4, [152]5,
         [153]6, [154]7, [155]8, [156]9, [157]10, [158]11, [159]12+


   [force5.jpg]

   5 Bft

Fresh Breeze
Bonne brise
Frische Bise

     Wind speeds:
     17-21 knots (19-24 mph; 29-38 kph; 8.0-10.7 m/s)

     [beaufo6.gif] 

     At sea:

     Moderate waves taking a more pronounced long form; many white
     hourses are formed; chance of some spray

     Vagues modérées, allongées ; moutons nombreux

     Mässige Wellen, die eine ausgeprägtere lange Form annehmen. Überall
     weisse Schaumkämme. Ganz vereinzelt kann schon Gischt vorkommen

     Sea disturbance number: 4

     Probable wave height: 2 m (6-7 ft); (4-8 ft; 1.2-2.4 m)

     On land: Small trees in leaf begin to sway; crested wavelets form
     on inland waters

     Notes: Yachts shorten sail

   Go to Beaufort number: [160]0, [161]1, [162]2, [163]3, [164]4, [165]5,
         [166]6, [167]7, [168]8, [169]9, [170]10, [171]11, [172]12+


   [force6.jpg]

   6 Bft

Strong Breeze
Vent frais
Starker Wind

     Wind speeds:
     22-27 knots (25-31 mph; 39-49 kph; 10.8-13.8 m/s)

     [beaufo7.gif] 

     At sea:

     Large waves begin to form; the white foan crests are more extensive
     everywhere; probably some spray

     Des lames se forment ; crêtes d'écume blanche plus étendues

     Die Bildung grosser Wellen beginnt; Kämme brechen und hinterlassen
     grössere weisse Schaumflächen; etwas Gischt

     Sea disturbance number: 5

     Probable wave height: 3 m (9-10 ft); (8-13 ft; 2.4-4 m)

     On land: Large branches in motion; whistling heard in telegraph
     wires; umbrellas used with dificulty

     Notes: Yachts with double reef in mainsail; cared required when
     fishing

   Go to Beaufort number: [173]0, [174]1, [175]2, [176]3, [177]4, [178]5,
         [179]6, [180]7, [181]8, [182]9, [183]10, [184]11, [185]12+


   [force7.jpg]

   7 Bft

Near Gale / Moderate Gale
Grand frais
Steifer Wind

     Wind speeds:
     28-33 knots (32-38 mph; 50-61 kph; 13.9-17.1 m/s)

     [beaufo8.gif] 

     At sea:

     Sea heaps up and white foam from the breaking waves begins to be
     blown in streaks along the direction of the wind

     La mer grossit ; l'écume est soufflée en trainées ; lames
     déferlantes

     See türmt sich; der beim Brechen entstehende weisse Schaum beginnt
     sich in die Windrichtung zu legen

     Sea disturbance number: 6

     Probable wave height: 4 m (13-14 ft); (13-20 ft; 4-6 m)

     On land: Whole trees in motion; inconvenience felt when walking
     against wind

     Notes: Yachts remain in harbour, those at sea lie to

   Go to Beaufort number: [186]0, [187]1, [188]2, [189]3, [190]4, [191]5,
         [192]6, [193]7, [194]8, [195]9, [196]10, [197]11, [198]12+


   [force8.jpg]

   8 Bft

Gale / Fresh Gale
Coup de vent
Stürmischer Wind

     Wind speeds:
     34-40 knots (39-46 mph; 62-74 kph; 17.2-20.7 m/s)

     [beaufo9.gif] 

     At sea:

     Moderately high waves of greater length; edges crests begin to
     break into spindrift; the foam is blown in well-marked streaks
     along the direction of the wind

     Lames de hauteur moyenne ; de leurs crêtes se détachent des
     tourbillons d'embruns

     Mässig hohe Wellenberge mit Kämmen von beträchtlicher Länge. Von
     den Kanten der Kämme beginnt Gischt abzuwehen. Der Schaum legt sich
     in gut ausgeprägten Streifen in die Windrichtung

     Sea disturbance number: 6

     Probable wave height: 5.5 m (18 ft); (13-20 ft; 4-6 m)

     On land: Breaks twigs off trees; generally impedes progress

     Notes: All yachts make for harbour if possible

   Go to Beaufort number: [199]0, [200]1, [201]2, [202]3, [203]4, [204]5,
         [205]6, [206]7, [207]8, [208]9, [209]10, [210]11, [211]12+


   [force9.jpg]

   9 Bft

Strong Gale
Fort coup de vent
Sturm

     Wind speeds:
     41-47 knots (47-54 mph; 75-88 kph; 20.8-24.4 m/s)

     [beaufo10.gif] 

     At sea:

     High waves; dense streaks of foam along the direction of wind;
     crests of waves begin to topple, tumble and roll over; spray may
     affect visibility

     grosses lames ; leur crête s'écroule et déferle en rouleaux

     Hohe Wellenberge; Dichte Schaumstreifen in Windrichtung; "Rollen"
     der See beginnt. Der Gischt kann die Sicht schon beeinträchtigen

     Sea disturbance number: 6

     Probable wave height: 7 m (23 ft); (13-20 ft; 4-6 m)

     On land: Slight structural damage occurs (chimney post and slates
     removed)

     Notes:

   Go to Beaufort number: [212]0, [213]1, [214]2, [215]3, [216]4, [217]5,
         [218]6, [219]7, [220]8, [221]9, [222]10, [223]11, [224]12+


   [force10.jpg]

   10 Bft

Whole Gale / Storm
Tempête
Schwerer Sturm

     Wind speeds:
     48-55 knots (55-63 mph; 89-102 kph; 24.5-28.4 m/s)

     [beaufo11.gif] 

     At sea:

     Very high waves with long overhanging crests; resulting foam in
     great patches is blown in dense white streaks along the direction
     of the wind; on the whole, the surface of the sea takes a white
     appearance; tumbling of the sea becomes heavy and shock-like;
     visibility affected

     Très grosses lames à longues crêtes en panache ; déferlement en
     rouleaux intense et brutal

     Sehr hohe Wellenberge mit langen überbrechenden Kämmen. See weiss
     durch Schaum. Rollen der See schwer und stossartig. Sicht durch
     Gischt beeinträchtigt

     Sea disturbance number: 7

     Probable wave height: 9 m (29 ft); (20-30 ft; 6-9 m)

     On land: Seldom experienced inland; trees uprooted; considerable
     structural damage occurs

     Notes:

   Go to Beaufort number: [225]0, [226]1, [227]2, [228]3, [229]4, [230]5,
         [231]6, [232]7, [233]8, [234]9, [235]10, [236]11, [237]12+


   [force11.jpg]

   11 Bft

Storm / Violent storm
Violente tempête
Orkanartiger Sturm

     Wind speeds:
     56-63 knots (64-75 mph; 103-117 kph; 28.5-32.6 m/s)

     [beaufo12.gif] 

     At sea:

     Exceptionally high waves (small and medium size ships might be for
     a time lost from view behind waves); sea is completely covered with
     long white patches of foam lying along the direction of wind;
     everywhere the edges are blown into froth; visibility afected

     Lames exceptionnellement hautes ; mer recouverte de bancs d'écume
     blanche

     Aussergewöhnlich hohe Wellenberge. Die Kanten der Wellenkämme
     werden überall zu Gischt zerblasen. Die Sicht ist herabgesetzt

     Sea disturbance number: 8

     Probable wave height: 11 m (37 ft); (30-45 ft; 9-14 m)

     On land: Very rarely experienced; accompanied by widespread damage

     Notes:

   Go to Beaufort number: [238]0, [239]1, [240]2, [241]3, [242]4, [243]5,
         [244]6, [245]7, [246]8, [247]9, [248]10, [249]11, [250]12+


   [force12.jpg]

   12-17 Bft

Hurricane
Ouragan
Orkan

     Wind speeds:
     64 knots and greater (> 75 mph; >117 kph; >32.7 m/s)

     [beaufo13.gif] 

     At sea:

     The air is filled with foam and spray; sea completely white with
     driving spray; visibility very seriously affected

     Air plein d'écume et d'embruns ; mer entièrement blanche ;
     visibilité très réduite

     Luft mit Schaum und Gischt angefüllt. See vollständig weiss. Die
     Sicht ist sehr stark herabgesetzt; jede Fernsicht hört auf

     Sea disturbance number: 9

     Probable wave height: 11 m and more (> 37 ft); (>45 ft; >14 m)

     On land: Very rarely experienced; accompanied by widespread damage

     Notes:
     13 Bft > 72-80 kts
     14 Bft > 81-89 kts
     15 Bft > 90-99 kts
     16 Bft > 100- 108 kts
     17 Bft > 109- 118 kts

   Go to Beaufort number: [251]0, [252]1, [253]2, [254]3, [255]4, [256]5,
         [257]6, [258]7, [259]8, [260]9, [261]10, [262]11, [263]12+


                  Windchill index - refroidissement éolien

       L'association du froid et du vent entraine un refroidissement
               important de la peau exposée et peut provoquer
   de graves engelures. Les liens ci-dessous donnent des informations au
                      sujet du refroidissement éolien.

   Explications du calcul du facteur de refroidissement éolien (nouvelle
                                 formule):
   [264]http://www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/education/windchill/science_equations
                                   _f.cfm

       Information on windchill calculation (new formula versus old):
        [265]http://meteo.lcd.lu/papers/windchill/newwindchill.html

                                 [266]INDEX

     Sources images: [267]http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lot/webpage/beaufort/
                                   (2001)
                           S ources description:
         [268]http://www.anbg.gov.au/jrc/kayak/beaufort.html (2001)
                  Adaptation (c) peter gallinelli 08/2001

                           last update pg 04/2005

                              [cadre_bas.gif]


                           [269]eXTReMe Tracker 

References

   1. http://www.sailworks.net/imram
   2. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#ZERO
   3. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#ONE
   4. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TWO
   5. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#THREE
   6. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#FOUR
   7. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#FIVE
   8. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#SIX
   9. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#SEVEN
  10. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#EIGHT
  11. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#NINE
  12. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TEN
  13. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#ELEVEN
  14. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TWELVE
  15. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#WINDCHILL
  16. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#ZERO
  17. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#ONE
  18. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TWO
  19. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#THREE
  20. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#FOUR
  21. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#FIVE
  22. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#SIX
  23. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#SEVEN
  24. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#EIGHT
  25. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#NINE
  26. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TEN
  27. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#ELEVEN
  28. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TWELVE
  29. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#ZERO
  30. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TWO
  31. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#THREE
  32. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#FOUR
  33. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#FIVE
  34. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#SIX
  35. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#SEVEN
  36. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#EIGHT
  37. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#EIGHT
  38. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#NINE
  39. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TEN
  40. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TEN
  41. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#ELEVEN
  42. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#ELEVEN
  43. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TWELVE
  44. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#ZERO
  45. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TWO
  46. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#FOUR
  47. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#FIVE
  48. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#SIX
  49. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#SEVEN
  50. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#SEVEN
  51. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#EIGHT
  52. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#NINE
  53. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TEN
  54. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TEN
  55. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#ELEVEN
  56. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TWELVE
  57. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#ZERO
  58. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TWO
  59. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#THREE
  60. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#FOUR
  61. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#FIVE
  62. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#SIX
  63. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#SEVEN
  64. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TEN
  65. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#ELEVEN
  66. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TWELVE
  67. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#ZERO
  68. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TWO
  69. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#FOUR
  70. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#FIVE
  71. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#SIX
  72. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#SEVEN
  73. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#SEVEN
  74. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TEN
  75. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TEN
  76. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TEN
  77. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#ELEVEN
  78. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#ELEVEN
  79. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#ELEVEN
  80. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TWELVE
  81. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TWELVE
  82. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#ZERO
  83. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TWO
  84. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#THREE
  85. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#FOUR
  86. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#SIX
  87. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#SEVEN
  88. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#SEVEN
  89. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TEN
  90. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TEN
  91. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#ELEVEN
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 100. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#FIVE
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 256. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#FIVE
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 258. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#SEVEN
 259. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#EIGHT
 260. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#NINE
 261. http://www.sailworks.net/beaufort/beaufort.htm#TEN
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