THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET(revised to 1993, updated 1996)

 Pulmonic consonants
 Plosive
p
b
   
 
t
d
 
ʈ
ɖ
c
ɟ
k
g
q
ɢ
ʔ
  
 Nasal
m
 
ɱ
 
n
 
ɳ
ɲ
ŋ
ɴ
   
 Trill
ʙ
   
 
 
r
 
   
   
 
 
ʀ
   
 
 Tap or Flap
   
 
 
ɾ
 
 
ɽ
   
 
   
   
 
 Fricative
ɸ
β
f
v
θ
ð
s
z
ʃ
ʒ
ʂ
ʐ
ç
ʝ
x
ɣ
χ
ʁ
ħ
ʕ
h
ɦ
 Lateral  fricative    

 
ɬ
ɮ
 
   
   
   
   
   
 Approximant
ʋ
 
ɹ
 
 
ɻ
 
j
 
ɰ
   
   
 
 Lateral  approximant    
 
l
 
 
ɭ
 
ʎ
 
ʟ
   
   
    When symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.



CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)
Clicks
Voiced implosives
Ejectives
Bilabial
Dental
(Post)alveolar
Palatoalveolar
Aveolar lateral
Bilabial
Dental/alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Examples:
 Bilabial
 Dental/alveolar
 Velar
 Alveolar fricative
Vowels Front         Central         Back
Close
∙
      
∙
      
∙
                         
Close-mid     ∙    
∙
      
∙
                             
Open-mid        
∙
  
∙
    
∙
                             
Open            
∙
        
∙


OTHER SYMBOLS
 Voiceless labial-velar fricative  Alveolo-palatal fricatives  
 Voiced labial-velar approximant  Voiced alveolar lateral flap  
 Voiced labial-palatal approximant Simultaneous ʃ and x  
 Voiceless epiglottal fricative

 Affricates and double articulations
 can be represented by two symbols
 joined by a tie bar if necessary.

k͡p
 Voiced epiglottal fricative
 Epiglottal plosive

DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ŋ̊
 ̥
 Voiceless
n̥d̥
 ̤
 Breathy voiced
b̤a̤
 ̪
 Dental
 t ̪d̪
 ̬
 Voiced
s̬ t ̬
  ̰
 Creaky voiced
b̰a̰
 ̺
 Apical
 t ̺d̺
ʰ
 Aspirated
tʰdʰ
 ̼
 Linguolabial
 t ̼d̼
 ̻
 Laminal
 t ̻d̻
 ̹
 More Rounded
ɔ̹
ʷ
 Labialized
tʷdʷ
 ̃
 Nasalized
ẽ
 ̜
 Less Rounded
ɔ̜
ʲ
 Palatalized
tʲdʲ
ⁿ
 Nasal release
dⁿ
 ̟
 Advanced
u̟
ˠ
 Velarized
tˠdˠ
ˡ
 Lateral release
dˡ
 ̠
 Retracted
e̱
ˤ
 Pharyngealized
tˤdˤ
 ̚
 No audible release
d ̚
 ̈
 Centralized
ë
 ̴
 Velarized or pharyngealized
 ̽
 Mid-centralized
e̽
 ̝
 Raised e̝    (ɹ ̝= voiced alveolar fricative)
 ̣
 Syllabic
ṇ
 ̞
 Lowered e̞    (β̞ = voiced bilabial approximant)
 ̯
 Non-syllabic
e̯
 ̘
 Advanced Tongue Root
e̘
˞
 Rhoticity
ɚa˞
 ̙
 Retracted Tongue Root
e̙
SUPRASEGMENTALS
Primary stress
Secondary stress
stress eg. ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən
ː Long eː
ˑ Half-long eˑ
  ̆ Extra-short ĕ
|
 Minor (foot) group
Major (intonation) group
.
 Syllabic break
break eg.  ɹi.ækt
Linking (absence of a break)


TONES AND WORD ACCENTS
Level
Contour
e̋ or ˥ Extra high NOT YET
é or ˦ High SUPPORTED
ē or ˧ Mid BY
è or ˨ Low UNICODE
ȅ or ˩ Extra low
↓ Downstep ↗ Global rise
↑ Upstep ↘ Global fall


Some useful precomposed characters that do not fit into the official IPA.
ʗ ʣ ʤ ʥ ɝ ʚ ɩ ʞ ł
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ʠ ʚ ɼ ɿ ʅ ʆ š ʇ ʨ
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ʧ ʦ λ ƛ ž ʖ ƾ
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Miscellaneous modifiers.
◌ʱ ◌ʲ ◌ˡ ◌ʳ ◌ʴ ◌ʵ ◌ʶ ◌ˢ ◌ʸ
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
◌ˣ ◌ˀ ◌ˁ ◌ˤ