#alternate Edit this page Wikipedia (en) LGBT social movements From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search LGBT social movements A color photograph of the Stonewall Inn, taken in the summer of 2016; the doorway and windows are decorated with rainbow flags -- Coming out Consciousness raising Direct action Resulted in Success at many of the aims in some countries, failed in some others. -- History * Timeline * LGBT social movements * Stonewall riots * Gay liberation -- + Largest events * Gay village * Homosocialization * Media + Films -- * Trevor Project Social attitudes * Heteronormativity * Homosexuality and religion -- * e Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) social movements are social movements that advocate for LGBT people in society. Social movements may focus on equal rights, such as the 2000s movement for same-sex marriage, or they may focus on liberation, as in the gay liberation movement of the 1960s and 1970s. Earlier movements focused on self-help and self-acceptance, such as the homophile movement of the 1950s. Although there is not a primary or an overarching central organization that represents all LGBT people and their interests, -- century.^[4] A commonly stated goal among these movements is social equality for LGBT people, but there is still denial of full LGBT rights.^[5] Some have also focused on building LGBT communities or worked towards liberation for the broader society from biphobia, homophobia, and transphobia.^[6] There is a struggle for LGBT rights today.^[7] LGBT movements organized today are made up of a wide range of political activism and cultural activity, including lobbying, street marches, social groups, media, art, and research. [ ] -- * 2 History + 2.1 Enlightenment era + 2.2 Emergence of LGBT movement + 2.3 Homophile movement (1945–1969) + 2.4 Gay Liberation movement (1969–1974) + 2.5 LGBT rights movement (1972–present) o 2.5.1 1972–1986 o 2.5.2 1987–2000 -- Human rights * Civil and political * Economic, social and cultural * Three generations -- * e Sociologist Mary Bernstein writes: "For the lesbian and gay movement, then, cultural goals include (but are not limited to) challenging dominant constructions of masculinity and femininity, homophobia, and -- the civil and political spheres. As with other social movements, there is also conflict within and between LGBT movements, especially about strategies for change and debates over exactly who represents the constituency of these movements, and this also applies to changing education.^[9] There is debate over what extent lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transgender people, intersex people, and others share common interests and a need to work together. Leaders of the lesbian and gay movement of the 1970s, 80s and 90s often attempted to hide masculine lesbians, feminine gay men, transgender people, and bisexuals from the public eye, creating internal divisions within LGBT communities.^[10] Roffee and Waling (2016) documented that LGBT people experience microaggressions, bullying and anti-social behaviors from other people within the LGBT community. This is due to misconceptions and conflicting views as to what entails "LGBT". For example, transgender people found that other -- LGBT community.^[12] LGBT movements have often adopted a kind of identity politics that sees gay, bisexual, and transgender people as a fixed class of people; a minority group or groups, and this is very common among LGBT -- immoral. However, others within LGBT movements have criticized identity politics as limited and flawed, elements of the queer movement have argued that the categories of gay and lesbian are restrictive, and attempted to deconstruct those categories, which are seen to "reinforce rather than -- made it possible to sweep away sodomy laws. However, in Protestant countries, where the church was less severe, there was no general reaction against statutes that were religious in origin. As a result, many of those countries retained their statutes on sodomy until late in the 20th century. However,some countries still have retained their -- In eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Europe, same-sex sexual behavior and cross-dressing were widely considered to be socially unacceptable, and were serious crimes under sodomy and sumptuary laws. There were, however, some exceptions. For example, in the 17th century cross -- homosexuality. Social reformer Jeremy Bentham wrote the first known argument for homosexual law reform in England around 1785, at a time when the legal penalty for buggery was death by hanging. His advocacy stemmed from his utilitarian philosophy, in which the morality of an action is determined by the net consequence of that action on human well-being. He argued that homosexuality was a victimless crime, and therefore not deserving of social approbation or criminal charges. He regarded popular negative attitudes against homosexuality as an irrational prejudice, fanned and perpetuated by religious teachings.^[18] However, -- Love of the Greeks"), another defense of same-sex love.^[19] Emergence of LGBT movement[edit] This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help -- Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, German gay rights activist of the 1860s In many ways, social attitudes to homosexuality became more hostile during the late Victorian era. In 1885, the Labouchere Amendment was included in the Criminal Law Amendment Act, which criminalized 'any act -- most severe sentence possible under the Act. From the 1870s, social reformers began to defend homosexuality, but due to the controversial nature of their advocacy, kept their identities secret.^[citation needed] A secret British society called the "Order of -- Eudiades, which has been called "the most famous of his homoerotic poems".^[25] While the taboos of Victorian England prevented Symonds from speaking openly about homosexuality, his works published for a general audience contained strong implications and some of the first direct references to male-male sexual love in English literature. By -- in Victorian literary and cultural circles. In particular, Symonds' memoirs, written over a four-year period, from 1889 to 1893, form the one of the earliest known works of self-conscious homosexual autobiography in English. The recently decoded autobiographies of Anne Lister are an earlier example in English. Another friend of Ives was the English socialist poet Edward Carpenter. Carpenter thought that homosexuality was an innate and natural human characteristic and that it should not be regarded as a sin or a -- his campaigning inspiration. His 1908 book on the subject, The Intermediate Sex, would become a foundational text of the LGBT movements of the 20th century. Scottish anarchist John Henry Mackay also wrote in defense of same-sex love and androgyny. -- These early proponents of LGBT rights, such as Carpenter, were often aligned with a broader socio-political movement known as 'free love'; a critique of Victorian sexual morality and the traditional institutions of family and marriage that were seen to enslave women. Some advocates -- challenged repressive legislation. An early LGBT movement also began in Germany at the turn of the 20th century, centering on the doctor and writer Magnus Hirschfeld. In 1897 he formed the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee campaign publicly -- illegal. Adolf Brand later broke away from the group, disagreeing with Hirschfeld's medical view of the "intermediate sex", seeing male-male sex as merely an aspect of manly virility and male social bonding. Brand was the first to use "outing" as a political strategy, claiming that German Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow engaged in homosexual -- Hirschfeld, became the first female Uranian activist. Rüling, who also saw "men, women, and homosexuals" as three distinct genders, called for an alliance between the women's and sexual reform movements, but this speech is her only known contribution to the cause. Women only began to join the previously male-dominated sexual reform movement around 1910 when the German government tried to expand Paragraph 175 to outlaw sex between women. Heterosexual feminist leader Helene Stöcker became a prominent figure in the movement. Friedrich Radszuweit published LGBT literature and magazines in Berlin (e.g., Die Freundin). Hirschfeld, whose life was dedicated to social progress for people who were transsexual, transvestite and homosexual, formed the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (Institute for Sexology) in 1919. The institute -- reversed with the rise of Nazism, and the institute and its library were destroyed in 1933. The Swiss journal Der Kreis was the only part of the movement to continue through the Nazi era. USSR's Criminal Code of 1922 decriminalized homosexuality.^[28] This was a remarkable step in the USSR at the time – which was very backward economically and socially, and where many conservative attitudes towards sexuality prevailed. This step was part of a larger project of freeing sexual relationships and expanding women's rights – including legalizing abortion, granting divorce on demand, equal rights for women, and attempts to socialize housework. During Stalin's era, however, USSR reverted all these progressive measures – re-criminalizing homosexuality and imprisoning gay men and banning -- subscribed to Ellis and Krafft-Ebing's theories and rejected (conservatively understood version of) Freud's theory that same-sex attraction was caused by childhood trauma and was curable.^[30] In the United States, several secret or semi-secret groups were formed -- Chicago in 1924, which was quickly suppressed.^[32] Homophile movement (1945–1969)[edit] Main article: Homophile -- and the United States. These groups usually preferred the term homophile to homosexual, emphasizing love over sex. The homophile movement began in the late 1940s with groups in the Netherlands and Denmark, and continued throughout the 1950s and 1960s with groups in Sweden, Norway, the United States, France, Britain and elsewhere. ONE, -- Society for Equality in Dress, also published two issues in 1952. The homophile movement lobbied to establish a prominent influence in political systems of social acceptability. Radicals of the 1970s would later disparage the homophile groups for being assimilationist. Any demonstrations were orderly and polite.^[34] By 1969, there were dozens -- the media. A 1962 gay march held in front of Independence Hall in Philadelphia, according to some historians, marked the beginning of the modern gay rights movement. Meanwhile, in San Francisco, the LGBT youth organization Vanguard was formed by Adrian Ravarour to demonstrate for equality, and Vanguard members protested for equal rights during the -- the first time.^[38] Gay Liberation movement (1969–1974)[edit] Main article: Gay Liberation -- Gay liberation demonstration in Washington, DC in the early 1970 The new social movements of the sixties, such as the Black Power and anti-Vietnam war movements in the US, the May 1968 insurrection in France, and Women's Liberation throughout the Western world, inspired many LGBT activists to become more radical,^[34] and the Gay Liberation movement emerged towards the end of the decade. This new radicalism is often attributed to the Stonewall riots of 1969, when a group of gay men, lesbians, drag queens and transgender women at a bar in New York -- liberationist".^[41] "Out, loud and proud," they engaged in colorful street theater.^[42] The GLF's "A Gay Manifesto" set out the aims for the fledgling gay liberation movement, and influential intellectual Paul Goodman published "The Politics of Being Queer" (1969). Chapters of the GLF were established across the U.S. and in other parts of the Western world. The Front Homosexuel d'Action Révolutionnaire was formed in 1971 by lesbians who split from the Mouvement Homophile de France. The Gay Liberation movement overall, like the gay community generally and historically, has had varying degrees of gender nonconformity and assimilationist platforms among its members. Early marches by the -- considered "unisex" fashions. In 1970, the drag queen caucus of the GLF, including Marsha P. Johnson and Sylvia Rivera, formed the group Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR), which focused on providing support for gay prisoners, housing for homeless gay youth and street people, especially other young "street queens".^[43]^[44]^[45] -- Howard thought it should be.'"^[51]^[52] One of the values of the movement was gay pride. Within weeks of the Stonewall Riots, Craig Rodwell, proprietor of the Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop in lower Manhattan, persuaded the Eastern Regional Conference -- commemoration of the Stonewall Riots. Liberation groups, including the Gay Liberation Front, Queens, the Gay Activists Alliance, Radicalesbians, and Street Transvestites Action Revolutionaries (STAR) all took part in the first Gay Pride Week. Los Angeles held a big parade on the first Gay Pride Day. Smaller demonstrations were held in -- the London School of Economics on 13 October 1970. Bob Mellors and Aubrey Walter had seen the effect of the GLF in the United States and created a parallel movement based on revolutionary politics and alternative lifestyle.^[53] By 1971, the UK GLF was recognized as a political movement in the national press, holding weekly meetings of 200 to 300 people.^[54] The GLF Manifesto was published, and a series of high-profile direct actions, were carried out.^[55] The disruption of the opening of the 1971 Festival of Light was the best organized of GLF action. The Festival of Light, whose leading figures included Mary Whitehouse, met at Methodist Central Hall. Groups of GLF members in drag invaded and spontaneously kissed each other; -- off the lights.^[56] In 1971 the gay liberation movement in Germany and Switzerland started with Rosa von Praunheims movie It Is Not the Homosexual Who Is Perverse, But the Society in Which He Lives. -- mentally ill simply for their sexual orientation.^[58]^[59] By 1974, internal disagreements had led to the movement's splintering. Organizations that spun off from the movement included the London Lesbian and Gay Switchboard, Gay News, and Icebreakers. The GLF Information Service continued for a few further years providing gay -- Ken Togo ran for the Upper House election. LGBT rights movement (1972–present)[edit] Legalisation of LGBT sex, civil unions and marriages in Europe from -- 1972–1986[edit] Bisexuals became more visible in the LGBT rights movement in the 1970s. In 1972 a Quaker group, the Committee of Friends on Bisexuality, issued the "Ithaca Statement on Bisexuality" supporting bisexuals.^[65] The Statement, which may have been "the first public declaration of the bisexual movement" and "was certainly the first statement on bisexuality issued by an American religious assembly," appeared in the Quaker Friends Journal and The Advocate in 1972.^[66]^[67]^[68] -- York.^[69] In 1976 the San Francisco Bisexual Center opened.^[69] From the anarchist Gay Liberation movement of the early 1970s arose a more reformist and single-issue Gay Rights movement, which portrayed gays and lesbians as a minority group and used the language of civil rights—in many respects continuing the work of the homophile period.^[70] In Berlin, for example, the radical Homosexual Action West Berlin [de] was eclipsed by the General Homosexual Working Group [de].^[71] -- spokesperson, Anita Bryant, began a campaign "Save Our Children,"^[77] in Dade County, Florida (greater Miami), which proved to be a major set-back in the Gay Liberation movement. Essentially, she established an organization which put forth an amendment to the laws of the county which resulted in the firing of many public school teachers on the -- feminism.^[79] As with Gay Liberation, this understanding of the lesbian potential in all women was at odds with the minority-rights framework of the Gay Rights movement. Many women of the Gay Liberation movement felt frustrated at the domination of the movement by men and formed separate organisations; some who felt gender differences between men and women could not be resolved developed "lesbian separatism," -- In Canada, the coming into effect of Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1985 saw a shift in the gay rights movement in Canada, as Canadian gays and lesbians moved from liberation to litigious strategies. Premised on Charter protections and on the notion -- AIDS epidemic[edit] Some historians posit that a new era of the gay rights movement began in the 1980s with the emergence of AIDS, which decimated the leadership and shifted the focus for many.^[33] This era saw a resurgence of militancy with direct action groups like AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), formed in 1987, as well as its offshoots Queer Nation (1990) and the Lesbian Avengers (1992). Some younger activists, seeing -- acceptable could be achieved by getting Americans "to think that it is just another thing, with a shrug of their shoulders". Then "your battle for legal and social rights is virtually won". The pair developed their argument in the 1989 book "After the Ball: How America Will Conquer Its Fear and Hatred of Gays in the '90s." The book outlined a public relations strategy for the LGBT movement. It argues that after the gay liberation phase of the 1970s and 1980s, gay rights groups should adopt more professional public relations techniques to convey their message. After its publication Kirk appeared in the pages of Newsweek, Time and The Washington Post. The book is often critically described by social conservatives such as Focus on the Family as important to the success of the LGBT Movement in the 90's and as part of an alleged "homosexual agenda".^[85] -- advertisements, and to cultivate reporters and editors of newspapers, radio, and television. To help facilitate this we need national media workshops to train our leaders. And we must encourage our gay and lesbian press to increase coverage of the national process. Our media efforts are fundamental to the full acceptance of us in American life. But they are also a way for us to increase the funding of our movement. A media campaign costs money, but ultimately it may be one of our most successful fund-raising devices. -- illegal, and LGBT rights activists face extreme opposition from the state.^[91] The 1990s also saw the emergence of many LGBT youth movements and organizations such as LGBT youth centers, gay-straight alliances in high schools, and youth-specific activism, such as the National Day of Silence. Colleges also became places of LGBT activism -- colleges opening LGBT centers.^[92] The 1990s also saw a rapid push of the transgender movement, while at the same time a "sidelining of the identity of those who are transsexual." In the English-speaking world, Leslie Feinberg published Transgender Liberation: A Movement Whose Time Has Come in 1992.^[93] Gender-variant peoples across the globe also formed minority rights movements. Hijra activists campaigned for recognition as a third sex in India and Travesti groups began to organize against police brutality across Latin America while activists in the United States formed -- Limited domestic Limited foreign Optional certification -- homosexual sex legal in all 50 states, a significant step forward in LGBT activism and one that had been fought for by activists since the inception of modern LGBT social movements.^[97] From 6 to 9 November 2006, The Yogyakarta Principles on application of -- 37th Annual "Straights For Gay Rights" in Berkeley, California. LGBT movements are opposed by a variety of individuals and organizations.^[114]^[115]^[116]^[117]^[118] They may have a personal, political or religious prejudice to gay rights, homosexual relations or -- marriages,^[119] that legalization of same-sex marriage will open the door for the legalization of polygamy,^[120] that it is unnatural^[121] and that it encourages unhealthy behavior.^[122]^[123] Some social conservatives believe that all sexual relationships with people other than an opposite-sex spouse undermines the traditional family^[124] and -- also been the emergence of many groups that desire to end homosexuality; during the 1990s, one of the best known groups that was established with this goal is the ex-gay movement. Anti-gay protestors in San Francisco -- workplace,^[130]^[131] and the ability to run churches,^[132] charitable organizations^[133]^[134] and other religious organizations^[135] that hold opposing social and cultural views to LGBT rights. There is also concern that religious organizations might be forced to accept and perform same-sex marriages or risk losing their -- treats homosexuality.^[143] Many opponents of LGBT social movements have attributed their indifference toward homosexuality as being a result of the immoral values that it may instill in children who are exposed to homosexual -- increased education about homosexuality suggest that educators should refrain from teaching about sexuality in schools entirely. In her book entitled "Gay and Lesbian Movement," Margaret Cruickshank provides statistical data from the Harris and Yankelovich polls which confirmed that over 80% of American adults believe that students should be -- live in rural areas face many challenges, including: sparse populations and the traditional culture held closely by the small population of most rural areas, generally hostile social climates towards gays relative to urban areas, and less social and institution support and access compared to urban areas.^[146] In order to combat this problem that the LGBT community faces, social networks and apps such as Moovs have been created for "LGBT individuals with like-minds" that are "enabled to connect, share, and feel the heartbeat of the community as -- by Catholics and moderate Protestants. And lastly, the most conservative views are held by Evangelical Protestants. Moreover, it is a tendency for one to be less tolerant of homosexuality if their social network is strongly tied to a religious congregation. Organized religion, especially Protestant and Baptist affiliations, espouse -- * Leicester Gay Liberation Front * Lesbian American history * LGBT movements in the United States * LGBT rights by country or territory * Lesbian separatism * List of gay-rights organizations * List of LGBT rights activists * List of social movements * Minority rights * Pink capitalism -- * Special rights * Spirit Day * Social stigma (Historic stigmatization of GLBT community and lifestyle) * Transgender American history * Transgender rights movement References[edit] -- February 2, 2019. 2. ^ Eli Rosenberg (June 24, 2016). "Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement". The New York Times. Retrieved June 25, 2016. 3. ^ "Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic -- ^ Bernstein, Mary (2002). "Identities and Politics: Toward a Historical Understanding of the Lesbian and Gay Movement". Social Science History. 26 (3): 531–581. doi:10.1017/S0145553200013080. JSTOR 40267789. -- ^ Bull, C., and J. Gallagher (1996) Perfect Enemies: The Religious Right, the Gay Movement, and the Politics of the 1990s. New York: Crown.^[page needed] -- ^ Roffee, James A.; Waling, Andrea (10 October 2016). "Rethinking microaggressions and anti-social behaviour against LGBTIQ+ youth". Safer Communities. 15 (4): 190–201. doi:10.1108/SC-02-2016-0004. -- History" ^ ^a ^b Bullough, Vern, "When Did the Gay Rights Movement Begin?", 18 April 2005 -- at gay march", The Guardian, London, 3 July 2010. ^ ^a ^b ^c "TIMELINE: THE BISEXUAL HEALTH MOVEMENT IN THE US". BiNetUSA. Archived from the original on 2019-02-07. Retrieved 2013-10-18. -- Outerbridge & Dienstfrey. ^ Adam, B. D. (1987). The rise of a gay and lesbian movement. Boston: Twayne Publishers. -- Verso. pp.156-160 ISBN 978-1859-8435-67 ^ Feinberg, Leslie (September 24, 2006). "Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries". Workers World Party. Retrieved August 21, 2018. "Stonewall combatants Sylvia Rivera and Marsha "Pay It No Mind" Johnson -- the Wayback Machine ^ Donaldson, Stephen (1995). "The Bisexual Movement's Beginnings in the 70s: A Personal Retrospective". In Tucker, Naomi (ed.). Bisexual Politics: Theories, Queries, & Visions. New York: Harrington Park -- ^ 「オトコノコのためのボーイフレンド」（1986） ^ LGBT social movements in Japan ^ "BiMedia – Bisexual News & Opinion from BiMedia.org". 2012-02-10. Archived from the original on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2015. ^ Donaldson, Stephen (1995). "The Bisexual Movement's Beginnings in the 70s: A Personal Retrospective". In Tucker, Naomi (ed.). Bisexual Politics: Theories, Queries, & Visions. New York: Harrington Park -- ^ Highleyman, Liz (2003-07-11). "PAST Out: What is the history of the bisexual movement?". LETTERS From CAMP Rehoboth. 13 (8). Archived from the original on 2008-05-31. Retrieved 2008-03-18. -- June 2015. ^ Epstein, S. (1999). Gay and lesbian movements in the United States: Dilemmas of identity, diversity, and political strategy. in B. D. Adam, J. Duyvendak, & A. Krouwel (Eds.), "The global emergence of gay and -- ^ Timeline (2017-12-14). "Watch: The singer who helped launch the anti-gay rights movement". Timeline. Retrieved 2019-01-28. ^ Bergh, Frederick Quist (2001). "Jag känner mig lite homosexuell -- Archived from the original on 2014-07-26. ^ Feinberg, Leslie. "Transgender Liberation: A movement whose time has come". Workers World. Retrieved 2019-01-28. -- ^ ^a ^b Sherkat, Darren E.; de Vries, Kylan Mattias; Creek, Stacia (March 2010). "Race, Religion, and Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage". Social Science Quarterly. 91 (1): 80–98. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00682.x. -- 10.1080/00918369.2013.806166. ^ "Moovz - The Global LGBT Social Network". ^ Nichols, JamesMichael (2014-01-28). "'Moovz,' Gay Social Network, Launched By Interacting Technology". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2017-09-25. ^ Olson, Laura R.; Cadge, Wendy; Harrison, James T. (June 2006). "Religion and Public Opinion about Same-Sex Marriage*". Social Science Quarterly. 87 (2): 340–360. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00384.x. -- Further reading[edit] * Barry D. Adam. The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement. Revised edition. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1995. -- revolution. New York: St Martin's Press; 2004. ISBN 0-312-20025-0 Margaret Cruikshank. The Gay and Lesbian Liberation Movement. New York: Routledge, Chapman and Hall, 1992. ISBN 0-415-90648-2 -- Marcia Gallo. Different Daughters: A History of the Daughters of Bilitis and the Rise of the Lesbian Rights Movement. New York:Seal Press, 2007. ISBN 978-1-58005-252-8 Scott Gunther. The Elastic Closet: A History of Homosexuality in France, 1942–present New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2009. ISBN 0-230-22105-X. Book about the history of homosexual movements in France. -- John Lauritsen and David Thorstad. The Early Homosexual Rights Movement (1864–1935). Revised edition. 1974; Ojai, CA: Times Change Press, 1995. ISBN 0-87810-041-5 -- Gay Rights Community Center (USA) The Prague Post – New era for gay rights movement in the Czech Republic -- Palestine and gay rights Gay Rights Movement Confronts Teen Suicides, Homophobic Electioneering and Violent Attacks – video report by Democracy Now! (2010) -- * Homosexual * Attraction to transgender people * Banjee * Bi-curious -- * History of lesbianism * LGBT history timeline * Social movements * History of Christianity and homosexuality * History of same-sex unions -- * Sea queens * Stonewall riots * Festival of Light action * White Night riots -- + Timeline + List of couples * Socialism * Sodomy laws * Transgender rights -- * Commonwealth of Nations LGBT rights movements * Homophile * Gay liberation -- * Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine * Social attitudes * Prejudice * Violence Social attitudes * Anti-LGBT slogans * Heteronormativity -- Prejudice and discrimination * Acephobia * Anti-gender movement * AIDS stigma * Biphobia -- Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LGBT_social_movements&oldid =995308855" Categories: * Movements for civil rights * Egalitarianism * LGBT history * LGBT rights * LGBT rights movement * Political ideologies * Political neologisms