#alternate Edit this page Wikipedia (en) Foreign worker From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search See also: Expatriate and Migrant worker Foreign farmworker in New York Foreign workers or guest workers are people who work in a country other than one of which they are a citizen. Some foreign workers use a guest worker program in a country with more preferred job prospects than in their home country. Guest workers are often either sent or invited to -- home country without having a specific job in prospect. Tens of millions of people around the world operate as foreign workers. As of 2018, according to reports from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, there is an estimated 28 million foreign-born workers in the United States,^[1] which draws most of its immigrants from Mexico, including 4 or 5 million undocumented workers. It is estimated^[by whom?] that around 5 million foreign workers live in northwestern Europe, half a million in Japan, and around 5 million in Saudi Arabia. Between January and June in 2019 2.4 million foreigners arrived to work in Russia.^[2] A comparable number of dependents may accompany international workers.^[3] Some foreign workers migrate from former colonies to a former colonial metropole (France, for example).^[4] Chain migration may operate in building guest-worker communities.^[5] -- Contents * 1 Foreign workers by country or wider region + 1.1 Canada + 1.2 United States -- * 5 External links Foreign workers by country or wider region[edit] Canada[edit] Foreign nationals are accepted into Canada on a temporary basis if they have a student visa, are seeking asylum, or under special permits. The largest category however is called the Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP), under which workers are brought to Canada by their employers for specific jobs.^[6] In 2006, there were a total of 265,000 foreign workers in Canada. Amongst those of working age, there was a 118% increase from 1996. By 2008, the intake of non-permanent immigrants (399,523, the majority of whom are TFWs), had overtaken the intake of permanent immigrants (247,243).^[7] In order to hire foreign workers, Canadian employers must acquire a Labour Market Impact Assessment administered by Employment and Social Development Canada. . Further information: Temporary resident (Canada) -- United States’ Diversity Immigrant Visa (DV) Lottery program authorizes up to 50,000 immigrant visas to be granted each year. This help facilitate foreign nationals with low rates of immigration to the United States a chance to participate in a random drawing for the possibility of obtaining an immigration visa.^[8] -- experienced workers were constantly replaced by inexperienced ones. The companies asked for legislation to extend the residence permits. Many of the foreign workers were followed by their families in the following period and stayed. Until the 1970s, more than four million migrant workers and their families thus came to Germany, mainly from the -- and the society of the host countries, but also by the migrants themselves. Switzerland's transformation into a country of immigration was not until after the accelerated industrialization in the second half of the 19th century. Switzerland was no longer a purely rural Alpine area but became a European vanguard in various industries at -- Singapore, Brunei and Malaysia. CAPTION: Foreign workers from selected Asian countries, by destination, 2010-11: Thousands^[10] -- Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, and Bahrain, which comprise the Gulf Cooperation Council), created an unprecedented demand for labor in the oil, construction and industrial sectors.^[11] Development demanded a labor force. This demand was met by foreign workers, primarily those from the Arab states, with a later shift to those from Asia-Pacific countries.^[12] A rise in the standards of living for citizens of -- the home. Since the 1970s, foreign workers have become a large percentage of the population in most nations in the Persian Gulf region. Growing competition with nationals in the job sector, along with complaints regarding treatment of foreign workers, have led to rising tensions between the national and foreign populations in these nations. Remittances are becoming a prominent source of external funding for countries that contribute foreign workers to the countries of the GCC. On average, the top recipients globally are India, the Philippines, and Bangladesh. In 2001, $72.3 billion was returned as remittances to the countries of origin of foreign workers, equivalent to 1.3% of the world GDP. The source of income remains beneficial as remittances are often more stable that private capital flows. Despite fluctuations in the -- In detailed studies of Pakistani migrants to the Middle East in the early 1980s, the average foreign worker was of age 25–40 years. 70 percent were married, while only 4 percent were accompanied by families. Two thirds hailed from rural areas, and 83 percent were production workers. At the time, 40 percent of Pakistan's foreign exchange earnings came from its migrant workers.^[14] -- rose during the oil boom years of the 1970s and early 1980s, but declined in the mid-1980s. As oil prices fell, budget deficits mounted, and most governments of GCC countries put limits on hiring foreign workers. Weaknesses in the financial sector and in government administration impose substantial transaction costs on migrant workers who send them. Costs, although difficult to estimate, consist of salaries and the increased spending required to expand educational and health services, housing, roads, communications, and other infrastructure to accommodate the basic needs of the newcomers. The foreign labor force is a substantial drain of the GCC states' hard currency earnings, with remittances to migrants' home countries in the early 2000s amounting to $27 billion per year, including $16 billion from Saudi Arabia alone. It has been shown that the percentage of the GDP that foreign labor generates is roughly equal to what the state has to spend on them.^[13] -- are: (1) the local job seekers' fear of competition from migrant workers, (2) the fiscal burden that may result on native taxpayers for providing health and social services to migrants, (3) fears of erosion of cultural identity and problems of assimilation of immigrants, and (4) national security.^[13] -- school education continue to be a fiscal burden into the next generation. Skilled workers, however, pay more in taxes than what they receive in social spending from the state. Emigration of highly skilled workers has been linked to skill shortages, reductions in output, and tax shortfalls in many developing countries. These burdens are even -- Africa live and work in the countries of the Persian Gulf region.^[15] Xenophobia in receiving nations is often rampant, as menial work is often allocated only to foreign workers. Expatriate labor is treated with prejudice in host countries despite government attempts to eradicate malpractice and exploitation of workers. Emigrants are -- death, workers or their dependents are not paid due compensation. Citizenship is rarely offered and labor can oftentimes be acquired below the legal minimum wage. Foreign workers often lack access to local labor markets. Oftentimes these workers are legally attached to a sponsor/employer until completion of their employment contract, after -- Racism is prevalent towards migrant workers. With an increasing number of unskilled workers from Asia and Africa, the market for foreign workers became increasingly racialized, and dangerous or "dirty" jobs became associated with Asian and African workers noted by the term "Abed", meaning dark skin.^[14] Foreign workers migrate to the Middle East as contract workers by means of the kafala, or "sponsorship" system.^[17] Migrant work is typically for a period of two years.^[12] Recruitment agencies in sending -- charge high fees to prospective employees to obtain employment visas, averaging between $2,000 and $2,500 in such countries as Bangladesh and India. Contract disputes are also common. In Saudi Arabia, foreign workers must have employment contracts written in Arabic and have them signed by both the sponsor and themselves in order to be issued a work -- Dependence on the sponsor (kafeel) naturally creates room for violations of the rights of foreign workers.^[17] Debt causes workers to work for a certain period of time without a salary to cover these fees. This bondage encourages the practice of international labour -- identity papers as a form of insurance for the amount an employer has paid for the worker's work permit and airfare. Kafeels sell visas to the foreign worker with the unwritten understanding that the foreigner can work for an employer other than the sponsor.^[17] -- The population in the current GCC states has grown more than eight times during 50 years. Foreign workers have become the primary, dominant labor force in most sectors of the economy and the government bureaucracy. With rising unemployment, GCC governments embarked on the -- the dependence on expatriate labor. Restrictions have been imposed: the sponsorship system, the rotational system of expatriate labor to limit the duration of foreigners' stay, curbs on naturalization and the rights of those who have been naturalized, etc. This has also led to efforts to improve the education and training of nationals. -- Indonesia have noted the maltreatment of women in the GCC states, with the government calling for an end to the sending of housemaids altogether.^[11] In GCC countries, a chief concern with foreign domestic workers is childcare without the desired emphasis on Islamic and Arabic values.^[15] Possible developments in the future include a slowdown in the growth of foreign labor. One contributor to this is a dramatic change in demographic trends. The growing birth rate of nationals in the GCC states will lead to a more competitive workforce in the future.^[12] -- * Dirty, dangerous and demeaning + Mexican Americans * Foreign Worker Visa * Gastarbeiter (historical German guest-worker program) + Turks in Germany * Guest worker program (a proposed foreign-worker program in the U.S.) * Immigration * Labor shortage * Lavoie v. Canada (a Canadian Supreme Court case ruling on foreign worker status) * Mercenary (military guest worker) -- References[edit] 1. ^ "A Look at the Foreign-Born Labor Force in the US". www.pgpf.org. Retrieved 2020-11-19. 2. ^ "Russia's FSB Publishes Foreign Worker Statistics for First Time in 20 Years". The Moscow Times. 16 August 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2020. "The FSB border service data says that 2.4 million migrants -- 'Migrant Workers' in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006 7. ^ "Foreign nationals working temporarily in Canada". Statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2014-01-01. 8. ^ "Green Cards and Permanent Residence in the U.S. | USAGov". -- Entwicklungspolitik". Schweizerisches Jahrbuch für Entwicklungspolitik (27–2): 177–195. Retrieved 4 April 2015. 10. ^ Foreign workers from selected Asian countries, by destination, 2010-11: Thousands. International Migration Outlook 2012 11. ^ ^a ^b ^c Abella, Manolo (1995). "Asian migrant and contract -- East". Human Rights Law Commentary: 25–47. 16. ^ KevinJ6. "Brain Drain". StudyMode. 17. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ruhs, Martin (2002). "Temporary Foreign Worker Programmes: Policies, adverse consequences, and the need to make them work". Cite journal requires |journal= (help) -- External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Foreign workers. * Expatriates Magazine - Printed Publication for Foreign Workers in France * The PBS newsmagazine NOW focuses on America's "Guest Workers" -- Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_worker&oldid=992931 802" -- * Human migration * Immigration law * Foreign workers * International factor movements Hidden categories: